论文的格式:英语医学科研论文的格式和要求

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论文的格式:英语医学科研论文的格式和要求

关键词:医学科研

4)讨论部分

总的要求:Theauthorshouldtellthereaderwhattheresultsmeanbyplacingtheminthecontextofpreviouspublishedstudiesoftheproblem,即:与先有研究相比,本研究有何意义。

具体要求:

A.简要说明研究背景(background)

B.简要介绍总的发现(generalfindings);

C.介绍具体要点(introductionofpoints)

D.与现有发现(若有)进行比较(comparisoninthecontextofotherstudies)

E.意义(suggestedmeaning)

F.结论(conclusion)

G.前瞻研究(futurestudies)

结论往往是论文中最长也是最难写的部分,主要原因是作者要对研究结果和发现进行分析、推断、演绎和推理,要求作者具有很强逻辑思维能力和英语文字组织能力。此外,这部分时态比较复杂,要分清实验过程和结果(过去时)与分析意见(确定:现在时;不确定或假设:过去时)的区别;他人研究结果(过去时或现在完成时)与本研究结果(过去时)的区别;普遍适用的结论(现在时)与只适用本研究的结论(过去时)的其别等。因此,对于however,may,might,could,would,possibly,probably,belikelyto等词(组)的使用以及webelieve(think/consider)that,toourknowledge,inourexperience(practice)等插入语的使用就显得格外重要。

示例:

Parenteralnutritionisbeingusedwithincreasingfrequencyasaprimarysourceofcaloricsupportinadultandpediatricpatientswithgastrointestinalproblems.NumerouscomplicationshavebeenassociatedwiththeadministrationofTPN,includingasignificantlyincreasedncidenceofgallbladderdisease[3-5,7].Thedataheresuggestthatcholecyste

ctomyisoftenrequiredforthemanagementofsymptomaticgallbladderdiseaseinthisgroupofpatients,andisassociatedwithsignificantrisks.[说明研究背景,包括意义]Ofthe35patientswhorequiredcholecystectomyforTPN-inducedgallbladderdisease,operativemorbidityandmortalitywere54percentand11percent,respectively.Maingot[8]hasstatedthatcholecystectomy“isoneofthesimplestandsafestoftheabdominaloperations,andisass

ociatedwithalowoperativemortalityrate(about0.5percent).Areviewofthepediatricliteraturesuggeststhatwhencholecystectomyisperformedinchildren,theoperativemorbidityislessthan10percent,andthemortalityislessthan1percent.[8,9]Glenn[11]hasreportedamortalityrateoflessthan0.1percentinover5,000patientsunder

theageof50yearswhounderwentcholecystectomy.Themorbidityandmortalityobservedinourgroupofreceivinglong-termTPN,therefore,werefarinexcessofwhatwouldbeexpectedforapopulationofpatientswhosemeanagewas29years.

[提出本研究主要发现并将其与其他研究发现相比较]

Ourdatasuggestthatarespecificfactorsuniquetopatientswhorequirelong-termTPNthatcontributetotheincreasedmortalityandmorbidityassociatedwithcholecystectomyinthisselectgroup.[以下,作者用较大篇幅分析了这类病人死亡率和并发症增高的临床、实验室和手术等方面的原因,原文从略]

Basedontheresultsofourstudies,webelievethatearlycholecystectomyisindicatedinpatientswithTPN-inducedgallbladderdisease.Obviously,allpatientswithsymptomaticdiseaseshouldundergocholecystectomyunlesstherespecificmedicalcontraindications.Theseoperationsshouldbeperformedinatimely,electivefashionbecausedelaymayresultintheneedforurgentsurgeryandthereby,increaseanalreadyhighrisk.Althoughrecentstudieshavesuggestedthatcholecystectoymaynotbewarrantedinotherwisehealthypatientswithasymptomaticgallbladderdisease[20],webelievethatthisaxiomdoesnotapplytopatie

ntswithTPN-inducedgallbladderdisease.OutdatasuggestthatthenaturalhistoryofgallbladderdiseaseinpatientsreceivingTPNisconsiderablydifferentfromthatoftheircounterpartsnotreceivingTPN.Basedonourfindings,werecommendelectivecholecystectomyinpatientsreceivingTPNwhengallstonesfirstappear.Furthermore,cholecystectomyshouldbeconsidered,especiallyinchildrenwithoutstoneswhoareun

dergoinglaparotomyforotherreasons.[从对结果的分析及与其他研究的比较得出结论性意见,这是讨论部分最重要的内容]WhetherTPN-inducedgallstonescanbepreventedthroughdailystimulatedgallbladderemptyingawaitstheresultsoffurtherstudies.[前瞻研究]

5)致谢部分

总的要求:Alwaysgetapprovalofyourintentiontomentionsomeoneintheacknowledgementandapprovaloftheforminwhichyouwillpresenttheacknowledgement,即:致谢词和致谢方式必须征得受谢人或单位的同意。

6)参考文献

总的要求:Referencestylesshouldbespecifictoeachjournal,既:根据各杂志的具体要求,因为各杂志对参考文献部分的编排顺序和格式不尽统一。

现将URMSBJ要求的20多种参考文献中最常见的5种格式列举如下:

1)VegaKJ,PinaI,KrevskyB.Hearttransplantationisassociatedwithanincreasedriskforpancreatobiliarydisease.AnnInternMed1996Jun1;124(11):980-3.[标准杂志文章]

2)TheCardiacSocietyofAustraliaandNewZealand.Clinicalexcisestresstesting:Safetyandperformanceguidelines.MedJAust1996;164:282-4.[作者是个组织]

3)CancerinSouthAfrica[editorial].SAfrMedJ1984;84:15.[无作者名]

4)ShenHM,ZhangQF.Riskassessmentofnickelcardiogenicityandoccupationallungcancer.EnvironHealthPerspect1994;102Suppl1:275-82.[某杂志增刊]

5)BrowellDA,LennardTW.Immunologicstatusofthecancerpatientandtheeffectsofbloodtransfusiononantitumorresponses.CurrOpinGenSurg1993;325-33[无期无卷]

7)插图说明

总的要求:Typeorpointoutlegendsforillustrationsusingdoublespacing,startingonaseparatepage,既:插图说明要另页双行打印。当插图中有箭头(arrow)、符号(symbol)、数字(number)或字母(letter)时,要在这部分(不是在插图页上)对其方向、位置等作出非常明确的说明。

8)插图

总的要求:Designyourfiguresfortheappropriatereduction,即:插图要按杂志的版面大小比例进行压缩;不要把插图拍成照片。

9)表格

总的要求:Atableshouldbeatotallyself-containedunitofinformation,即:表格要作为一个独立的信息单位另页打印。表格要简明清楚,完整(标题、内容和脚注),即使只有一张表格也要标Table1。

10)照片和说明

总的要求:与7)、8)部分相同。