英文毕业论文范文
时间:2023-03-21 11:11:50
导语:如何才能写好一篇英文毕业论文,这就需要搜集整理更多的资料和文献,欢迎阅读由公务员之家整理的十篇范文,供你借鉴。
篇1
摘要:毕业论文是学生积数年习得的知识和学术理念的精华体现,但如今其现状不尽如人意。本文从毕业论文的现状入手,通过调查,分析现状成因,进而反思英文写作课教学并提出其定位。
毕业论文和学位论文通常是有一定长度并有文献资料佐证的学术研究论文,专门对科学领域中的某些问题或现象进行探讨研究,具有科学性和创见性。毕业论文的完成是学生在掌握本专业要求的全部知识、理论和技能的基础上进行综合运用,独立地、创造性地解决理论和实际问题的一项活动,是学生从事独立科研工作的起点,也是展示自己专业水平和科研能力的一次机会。更重要的是,毕业论文写作的优劣是决定学生毕业时可否被授予学士学位的重要依据。因此,毕业论文的写作应当受到高度重视。然而,目前的本科毕业论文质量令人担忧,曾有文章比之为“鸡肋”,意为“弃之可惜,食之无味”。就英语专业毕业论文而言,情况则更应引起重视。
一、论文现状根据教学进度的要求,英语专业的学生在第八学期开学伊始就要准备论文开题报告,从而进入实质性的论文写作过程。下面是在各个环节出现的问题。
1.选题草率,研究方向不确定。学生在选题时不够慎重,没有经过严肃的思考,有的同学仅凭一时兴起就定下题目,如《论佛教在中国的发展》。且不说这个题目大小,其内容本身就已超出专业范围,用英文撰写对本科生也实属力所难逮。还有的同学选题为‘OnReading’,研究方向不确定,泛泛而谈,不知侧重在哪里。虽然从表面上看,有些情况属于个案,但事实上,近几年,题目难以确定的现象越来越多,有的已经导师认可的题目,学生在进行下一步工作之前又有较大改变,甚至改变研究方向。
2.资料收集仓促,时而迷失方向。论文中表达的观点和论点一般是以资料研究为基础的,如果仅凭一两本或几篇文章,就想从中得出令人信服的结论是不可能的,即使得出结论,也没有多大说服力,因为资料太少,不足为证。然而,学生收集资料缺乏系统性,觉得不够用了则难以继续,转而换题,资料跟着题目变,仓促之间,迷失方向不知所措。
3.论文撰写问题重重。撰写论文要对收集到的资料进行阅读、做笔记、研究和整理之后,用自己的语言将其串联起来,说明论点、摆出论据、完成论证。如果只是把收集到的资料堆积在一起,东一段、西一段地拼凑下来,不能称其为论文。而大部分学生恰恰是以堆积为主,自己陈述为辅,论点跟着论据走,缺乏一致性,连贯性和逻辑性。另外,从论文整体的文字上看,资料部分用词专业、准确,句子相对复杂,而学生自己的陈述则语法错误频频出现,句子简单并口语化。
二、现状的成因
1.形势与应试的导向。近几年的扩招使学生数量有所上升,而教师的数量不但基本上没有上升,还有不少人投入国内外的进修学习而不能担任课程。由于课程负担过重,使教师不堪重负而有意无意地忽视了写作课实践环节以及批阅后的反馈。全国统一安排的英语专业四、八级考试合格证已成为评定英语专业水平的重要砝码,在社会和校方的大力关注下,学生认识到四级考试决定毕业证,八级考试关系到找工作,写作课教师也希望学生在写作项目考试中得高分。于是,大部分时间都围绕四、八级考试进行。学生熟悉了框架形式、套路,只注意与过级考试相关的写作形式与技巧,不善于观察生活和知识积累,因此也就谈不上运用所学的知识表达思想、分析问题和解决问题了。
2.写作教材的适用性。我国大学英语专业的写作教学一直缺少一套较为完整,由浅及深,循序渐进,适合现实各个阶段教学需要的教材。基础英语写作教材的范例虽多,但语言过于浅显,有些内容较贴近生活,但实用性和趣味性还有待提高;课后练习多为围绕四、八级考试出题,学生“见多了”正式考题,对此类写作练习,缺乏动力,且练习都未附参考答案,使师生课后没有参阅的标准;毕业论文一章,在二年级开始讲授,引不起学生的共鸣,一来是学生忙于考级,论文不是重点,二来时间尚早,缺乏一个过渡期,无法形成理性认识。
3.学生基本功较差又缺乏实践。学生习惯于让老师灌输词汇句型,不愿意动脑筋积极思考,写出来的东西用词不贴切,语法不规范,行文不顺畅,缺乏逻辑性、无条理。众所周知,写作不仅在于语言文字的组织,更多的功夫在于知识积累和文化素质,这方面的提高对于学生更为重要。然而,待学生忙完了四、八级考试转入论文写作的时候,才发现自己没有做好这方面的准备,无论是题目、提纲还是摘要、引言、参考文献,从形式到内容脑子里一片空白。虽说在之前的写作课上,这些内容都讲过,但当时不是学习重点,而且没有亲自实践过程,学生不知所措,无从下手。
三、英文写作课的定位
1.专时专用,突出目标。将四、八级考试及毕业论文写作分阶段进行,形成层次。在基础英语写作阶段,集中实现两个公认的目标:提高英语写作能力和顺利通过四、八级考试。将教材中传统的写作技巧中的精华部分及增加的课外内容边讲授边加入写作实践,从而更加强调写作的动态过程和学习者创造性的发挥。毕业论文指导要作为一门课程开设,专门讲授学术论文的研究方法,这样不仅为学生的四年学业成就提供展示的机会,而且为将来的学习和工作打下良好的基础。
2.注重实际,精讲多练。有效克服教材的不足,从实际出发,为我所用,可适当放弃一些高深的章节,并增加一些循序渐进的内容,保证稳步提高。针对学生存在的诸多问题,在讲授词汇、语法、句法方面多做有益的练习,尽量找生动、学生易犯的大量的中式英语的例子,使学生在谈笑间能将其错误牢记在心。而大量的练习能给学生留下长久的印象。这样既提高了四、八级成绩,又有助于学生写作能力的提高,更重要的是提升了跨文化交际意识。
3.发动学生,互帮互进。由于教师的精力有限,可适时适量地发动学生互评作业,学生自己能够解决的问题自己解决。同学间同级互评能帮助学生增强读者意识,降低写作焦虑,弥补自己写作中的不足。首先,互评可增加其词汇量,正反两方面的评价有益于所有学生作文水平的提高。其次,学生能够通过讨论互评首先成为一个头脑敏锐、丰富的读者、听众,然后成为一个思路清晰、能写出好文章的作者。
这样,教师不再是作为唯一的“读者”去评判学生的作品。全班同学在教师的帮助下,发现问题并能表达出问题的所在。最终学生对评判自己的作品的内容的表达方面也更加敏锐,并能更好地修正自己的作品,学生会很快地从评判活动中看到益处,也会把大家对自己作品的评价作为提高文章水平的重要的参考资料。其实,这不仅解决了日常教学中的问题,而且培养了学生严谨治学的良好习惯。总而言之,对英语专业毕业论文反映出来的问题要认真研究,其中英文写作课的教学任务极为关键,通过调查研究与实践相结合,不断探索,希望能够提高学生的论文本论文由无忧论文由写作能力。
参考文献:
[1]程杰.合理利用文献[J].广东工业大学学报,2004,06.第四卷增刊:148
篇2
2. Current situation and features of company website translation 2
2.1 Current situation of company website translation 2
2.2 Samples of famous foreign company website 3
2.3 Features of company website translation 4
3. The skopos theory and company website translation 6
3.1 Introduction of Skopos theory 6
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos 8
3.2.1 Functional translation errors 8
3.2.2 Liguistic translation errors 9
3.2.3 Cultural translation errors 10
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province 13
4.1 Functional translation errors 13
4.1.1 Problem of length 13
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern 15
4.2 Liguistic translation errors 16
4.2.1 Spelling errors 16
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation 17
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation 17
4.2.4 Illogical arrangment 18
4.3 Cultural translation errors 19
5. Conclusion 20
Acknowledgements 21
References 22
1.Introduction
Thanks to the ongoing economic reform and opening-up and the irresistible trend of globalization, China’s communication with the world has been intensified in recent years. Though almost every company which deal with the foreign trade owns his English version website, the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company website is far from satisfactory that leave a lot of work to do. For the present, most of the work are based on the rule of skopos theory which we will investigate later.
And with the popularity and applications of the Internet, the company website plays an increasing important role in foreign exchange, outreach, and the absorb foreign capital[2]. Although nowadays most domestic enterprises have set up their own websites and e-commerce platform, many export-oriented enterprises is established in English, the site has become a propaganda of the enterprise, an effective channel to promote company products. However, there is no difficulty in finding errors comparing the domestic foreign trade company website to the foreign company website. Some mistakes are even too much to bear. In recent years, there appears a large number of discussion on website translation, start from Skopos basis direction, and have a lot of research fruits on the problem of company website mistranslation. But for the relatively small corporate company website translation, it had not been given sufficient attention and standardized management, error-prone web site translation directly affect a company’s image.
2. Current situation and features of company website translation
In the world today, global and regional cooperation is in full swing and countries are increasingly interdependent. Company website provide a quick and convenient access to the general understanding of what a Chinese company is like, thus serving as bridges that enable business people from different countries with different cultural backgrounds to have a better understanding of each other. In fact, as a specialized and important area of translation, the translation of company profiles has its own features and particular communicative functions which deserve an in-depth and systematic study.
2.1 Current situation of company website translation
Foreign propaganda in the business text, Chinese text use more modifiers which using rhyme, parallelism, words with other parties type the text in order to increase the beauty, attract potential customers and clients. Many translators often find it difficult, even if be translated, also bite the bullet and let the readers of English-speaking find it difficult to understand. Company’s publicity text translation is accurate for the purpose of translation about business, product-related information. So prominent is the informational translation, first principle focus on the information, and others such as style, rhetoric and so on is secondary to bit. If translate directly, the text will cause a pile, information duplication, not meet the English language of expression. On the basis of Skopos principles, the translator should cut the original text appropriately in order for information receiver better understanding the text.
Different from other text types, a company profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
However, many translators in this field tend to neglect the translation purpose of company profiles. As a result, linguistic and cultural problems still exist and obstruct the achievement of the Skopos of company profiles. Enlightened by the functionalist approach, the thesis also conducts a comprehensive survey as to the readability and acceptability of the target text[6]. It is found that foreign people do not respond positively to the English translation of Chinese company profiles. These problems or errors adversely affect the quality of translation. Primarily under the guidance of the functionalist skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analyzing authentic examples, the study also justifies someappropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other public materials.
2.2 Samples of famous foreign website
There are a lot of famous company on the list of top 500 in the world, after searching for their company, not difficult in finding a lot of features in common about their web page design. The followings are classic samples.
Example[1]: In 1886, Coca-Cola® brought refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well into its second century, the Company's goal is to provide magic every time someone drinks one of its more than 400 brands. Coca-Cola has fans from Boston to Budapest to Bahrain, drinking brands such as Ambasa, Vegitabeta and Frescolita. In the remotest comers of the globe, you can still find Coca-Cola.
Coca-Cola is committed to local markets, paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they want to drink it. With its bottling partners, the Company reaches out to the local communities it serves, believing that Coca-Cola exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches.
(heritage.coca-cola.com/)
Example[2]: Software is a leading online portal for software products, with free downloads and expert software reviews to help you make an informed choice. We list thousands of discounted software products with prices that are almost always the lowest available in the country. We also list a huge selection of free downloads so you can try software free before you decide to buy.
The Software.com store features the the software industry’s leading publishers, including Microsoft, Intuit, Symantec, Adobe, Nuance and hundreds of others. Our software store provides users with rich resources including thousands of user reviews, articles, and product comparison charts.
Software.com employs a team of industry experts with over 40 years of combined experience in online software distribution. Our goal is to bring you the best range of world-leading software, at the best prices, with rich reviews and product information so you can choose the software that is right for you. (software.com/about/)
As we can see from these samples, the foreign company websites are more functional and focus more on introdu cing products, and the purpose are much stronger and prominent. This is exactly what our company website is lack of, for we always put more words in describing company history and prior tradition, but lack of products introduction and special users attraction.
2.3 Features of company website translation
First of all, company website translation profile depends more on the skopos rules. Different from other text types, a company website profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company website profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.
Secondly, primarily under the guidance of the functionalist Skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analysis authentic examples, the study also justifies some appropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.
Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other publicity materials.
At last, defined as the measure of all things in translation by Reiss, the ST is regarded by Vermeer as merely an “offer of information” which can be partly or wholly transmitted for the target audience, leaving its status much lower in skopostherie than in equivalence-based theories. And it is the purpose of the translation that determines what to translate, how much to translate and what strategies to employ in specific situations. For this reason, in C-E translation of company website, any translation strategy can be adopted provided it is effective in publicizing the company in the target culture and expanding its business there. The translator needs to serve as “cultural filtering”, which means making adjustments to the structure and style of the source text by addition, deletion and rewriting. In this section, different successful translation techniques applicable to company profile translation in light of skopostheorie will be explored.
3. The Skopos theory and company website translation
A company website is a particular communicative message that an organization wants to deliver to a particular audience. It is essentially “a résumé” presenting an image of a particular company, aiming to “establish the credibility with the market the company serves” . Klein also argues that a company website provides insight about a company to its customers and prospects; potential employees and partners view it to evaluate whether or not it is the kind of company they’d like to work with. Generally speaking, a well-written company website contains the company’s founders, product range or service that a company offers, major stockholders, members of the board, address, telephone and fax numbers, website, and other vital information. Some website include their history and significant achievements they have made through the years. This thesis defines a company profile in a narrow sense and refers to a company introduction since introductory remarks head all the other subdirectory items and are of the most representative characteristics. The samples employed in this thesis include brochures and materials from the Internet and cover a great variety of b usiness fields such as banks, hotels, automobiles, medicine, wine, household electrical appliances, tobacco, and sports goods.
3.1 Introduction of skopos theory
The Skopos theory is an important functionalist theory of translation that was developed in Germany in the 1970s. It reflects “a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation” [8]235. It greatly widens the research field of translation and puts translation researches in the framework of cross-cultural communication, instead of the narrow framework of source and target texts or the transmission between two languages. The Skopos theory draws inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, and also from movements in literary studies toward reception theories. It is regarded as the core of German functionalism.
Hans Vermeer who proposed the Skopos theory gives his own definition of translation from a unique perspective that translation is a “purposeful action”. In the Skopos theory, translation is basically a type of communication. In other words, translation is a type of human action. Since action is the process of acting, which means “intentionally(at will)bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature), and thus can be defined as an intentional change or transition from one state of affairs to another” 18. Based on this belief, Vermeer put forward his translation principles, including the Skopos rule ad the guiding principle, and the coherence and the fidelity rule as subordinate principles.
It requires that a good translation be:
[1] pragmatic, accounting for the situational conditions of communicative interaction and, accordingly, for the needs and expectations of the addressees of the target text and even making the receiver the most important yardstick of translational decisions;
[2] culture-oriented, giving consideration to the culture-specific forms of verbal and nonverbal behaviour involved in translation;
[3] consistent, able to show the translator’s decisions in any type or form of translation task and make the target text a functional one;
[4] practical, accounting all the forms of transcultural communication needed;
[5] normative, displaying the translator’s particular purpose;
[6] comprehensive, the communicative effects of a target text being equivalent to those of the source text;
.
3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos theory
During the information exchanging, Chinese companies have to provide effective company website profile linguistically and culturally acceptable to their target readers. Consequently, the English translation of Chinese company website plays a significant role in ensuring a successful communication with the outside world. Yet the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company profiles is far from satisfactory. From the perspective of Skopostheorie, “if the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target addressee, anything that obstructs the achievement of this purpose is a translation error” [9]74. Thus, to decide whether a piece of translation is a translation error or not is neither to see whether the translation is grammatically correct or not, nor to see whether the translation is loyal to the meaning of the source text. Instead, it should depend on whether the translation has achieved the intended purpose of the original work. As far as the C-E translation of company profiles is concerned, major problems and errors result from the ignorance of linguistic and cultural differences. The common errors in the C-E translation can be roughly classified into two categories: functional translation errors, linguistic tr anslation errors and cultural translation errors.
3.2.1 Functional translation errors
Functional inadequacies occur in four ways. They may be pragmatic translation errors, which are the result of “inadequate solutions to pragmatic translation problems such as lack of receiver orientation”. Secondly, they may be cultural translation errors, which are “due to an inadequate decision with regard to reproduction or adaptation of culture-specific conventions”. Thirdly, they may be linguistic translation errors, which are “caused by an inadequate translation when the focus is on language structures”. Fourthly, and finally, they may be text-specific translation errors, which are “related to a text-specific translation problem and, like the corresponding translation problems, can usually be evaluated from a functional or pragmatic point of view” 76 .
Function refers to the factors which make the text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients[11]126.
The claim that a variety of strategies, often moving away from the linguistic surface of the source text, are necessary to produce a functional target text gives a more grounded precision to the claims of Goldblatt and Raffel. Nord’s argument helps us to understand that these strategies are not to be considered shortcomings or inadequacies, reluctantly accepted as abstract “poetry” but never as “scholarship” – they are deliberate and intelligent forms of both creativity and fidelity. Indeed they are the inevitable, different paths that translators must follow if they wish to create new texts based on their appropriately functional readings of the source-text. (Scholars, to paraphrase Raffel, are then entitled to translations as much as poets – but because their needs are different, they each require a different sort of translation.) If these strategies of non-equivalence are to be considered “mistakes” at all then they are, in a paradoxical way, “deliberate mistakes”, intentionally undertaken in order to recreate the text in a way that deviates from the literal surface meaning of the source text so as to represent its other, deeper, features. Other errors, or “mistakes”, which are the result of our intentions being neither adequate nor appropriate, might be considered, in contrast, to be “foolish mistakes”, the product of ignorance but not of maliciousness. And ignorance can be overcome by “an adequate level of language and culture proficiency”.
3.2.2 Lingustic translation errors
Linguistic translation errors are at the basic level among the four types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator’s poor command of the target language. Unfamiliar with the target language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of errors, which range from levis (spelling and choice of words), semantics (meaning the source text intends to convey) to syntax (grammatical sentences and structure). Hence the translated text cannot be fully understood by the foreign audience. For example,“拳头产品”has been translated literally as “fist product”. In Chinese,“拳头产品” indicates that the product sells well in the market and it is regarded as a brand name. The counterpart “fist” in English, however, just means the hand when closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palm, which cannot convey the original meaning. It would be better to be translated as “knockout product”, “hard-punch product”or“product with a competitive edge” [12].
Example[3]: 三十年纺织品和服装出口经验,质量第一,信誉第一,友情第一,重合同,守信用,始终如一。(ex.cn)
Original version:Thirty years’experience of textiles and garments export.Quality the best.Reputation and friendship the foremost. Always abide by contacts and credibility.
Revised version:The rendering in this example is a typical word-for-word one, let alone the grammatical mistake in the last sentence “Always abide by contacts and credibility”. The deliberate faithfulness of its sentence structure actually results in sen tence fragments in English, which are far from emotionally appealing to the English readers. Such redundant syntactic structure will surely confuse the target readers.
Example[4]: 集“中国驰名商标”、“中国名牌”、“国家免检产品”和“国家出口商品免验”等荣誉于一身的特步(中国)有限公司,位于福建省泉州市经济技术开发区。(xtep.com.cn/)
Original version:Xtep(China)co.,ltd.,honored with China's famous and popular brand, China's famous brand, products exempt from inspection and export products exempt from inspection; which locates in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development zone. After correcting the grammatical errors in this version,an improved version could be:
Revised version:Xtep(China)Co., Ltd.,winning honors like “China’s famous and popular brand”, “China’s famous brand”, “inspection-exempt products” and “inspection-exempt products for export”, which is located in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone.
3.2.3 Clutural translation errors
What does the word “culture” mean?As we have seen, culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex and all-pervasive. Though there has been a century of efforts to define culture by scholars from different points of view, an agreement has so far not been reached[13]. The definition of culture seems simple but complex in reality. It covers aspects of everyday life to cognitive and social structure. And it refers to communities that have different attitudes toward political and social issues, different cultural practices and references in their private lives, different social backgrounds, etc.
In 1871, in his classic book Primitive Culture, British anthropologist Edward Tylor first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted :“culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” [13]. This definition is far from complete and vague to some extent because it only stressed the spiritual part of culture, but has neglected its material basis without which culture is an impossibility.
Translation and culture are closely related to each other. Translation is a cross-cultural communication. Various scholars have elaborated on the relationship between culture and translation.
Toury holds that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural conditions48.
In order to achieve the expected purpose of the C-E translation of company profiles, it is particularly important to know the role of culture in the C-E translation of company profiles. First of all, culture affects the selection of company profiles. In order to carter for the target readers, the initiators have to select materials that characterize the Chinese culture and are acceptable in the target cultural system. Secondly, culture affects the acceptability of translations in the target culture[18]. Because of the cultural differences, what is appreciated in one culture may not be acceptable in another culture differences, what is appreciated in on culture may not be acceptable in another culture. Thirdly, culture also affects the approaches to be adopted in the translation process. For different translation purposes, people may resort to different apporaches to solve cultural clashes.
Chinese and western cultures differ greatly in their historical development, geographical locations, customs, conventions, religious beliefs and aesthetics,which have a great impact on cross-cultural communication.According to Skopostheorie, a cultural translation error occurs when something in the translation doesn't conform to the norms and conventions in the target culture. Cultural transla tion mistakes or errors, though very covert, cause a lot of hideous barriers in the cross-cultural communication.
As has been mentioned above, what is appreciated in the Chinese culture may be unacceptable in the English culture due to the cultural differences. For example, we have always prided ourselves as“龙的传人”, which is literally translated as“descendants of the dragon”. However, the Chinese word“龙” in the Chinese culture is not equivalent to the “dragon” in the western culture. Though both of them are legendary animals, their images and connotations are quite different. In the Chinese culture, the image of “龙” has undergone a series of changes before it takes its present form. It has the combined features of a number of animals—a reptile-like animal with a scaled body and claws, which can not only crawl, but also swim and fly. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation and the Chinese national spirit. It represents power, supremacy and auspice. In feudal China, emperors were compared to dragons. But in the western legends, dragon is a huge lizard with wings, scales and a long snake-like tail. It can spit fire. Dragon in the western culture is the symbol of evil[19]. So if the phrase“以外贸企业为龙头” is translated into English as “with foreign trade firms as the dragon’s head”, the foreigners will feel awful when they read the translation. It will be acceptable when it is translated as“with foreign trade firms as the locomotive(or flagship)”.
Besides, English company profiles emphasize simplicity, individuality and substantiality, while Chinese ones stress elegance, uniformity, and authority. For this reason, the author of this present paper suggests that to realize intended commercial purpose, translators should avoid literally translating four-character phraseology into English because foreign consumers may show their doubts at the first sight of these patterns:“Who knows?” as shown in the following examples.
Example[5]: 该厂能生产大衣、西装、时装、衬衣、毛衣等不同类型服装用的上千个花色品种的纽扣,产品规格齐全,品种繁多,造型新颖。(lxbutton.com/)
Original version:The factory can produce thousands of type of buttons for coats, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters. They have complete ranges of specification and various types and are novel in shape.
Revised version:The factory can produce various new types of buttons in thousands of different designs for coat, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters.
It seems that the modifications in the second English version not only successfully achieve commercial effect but also makes the content more succinct. Hence, a translator should always bear in mind that cultural comparison is a “must” in the translation process. Without comparisons of the two cultural systems, successful translation would not be possible.
4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province
There are many famous foreign trade companies in Zhejiang province, almost every company owns its English version website profile which focus to attract foreign business partners around the world. But owing to the different levels of translators who work as the company website translation, there exists a big difference in the quality of website translation, some even cause serious problem which make foreign trade partner confused about the compani's business and even products' function. So it is very important for translators of company website to follow some principles while dealing with the translation work.
4.1 Functional translation errors
4.1.1 Problem of length
The main reason for the too long translation is the profile of the translation focus too much on faith, but neglect removing or simplifying the useless information for audience. In accordance with the “Skopos rule”, the purpose of translation decides the behaviour of translation work. The translators should add, adjust or predigest the original work depending on the purpose of the translation.some of the original target information is out of communicative value which will make the translation empty, trash-talking and even affecting the information transforming.
Example [6]: 进入新世纪后,娃哈哈已拥有了雄厚的产品自主研发能力和技术创新能力,在雄厚的资金保障下,通过引进国际最先进的生产设备技术,进行消化、吸收、再创新,使公司拥有强大的核心竞争能力。同时,通过自主开发营养快线等系列创新产品,广开销路,实现科学发展,行业龙头地位日益稳固。目前,娃哈哈正在不断扩大投资规模,不断自主创新,向着世界500强企业的目标阔步前进!(划线部分为错误点)(wahaha.com.cn/aboutus/history/)
Original version: The third time milestone development: entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the dependent R&D ability and the technology innovation ability. Secured by abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment technology with absorption and d igestion, making sure that Wahaha keeps the core competitive edge. We also developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilizing our leading position. Currently, Wahaha keeps further investment and constant innovation, aiming for becoming the world Top 500 enterprises.
We can find that some information in the Chinese version is useless and redundant,“消化、吸收、再创新”,“自主研发能力和技术创新能力”they all means innovation.so we can simplify the version into:
Revised version: Entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the ability of innovation and R&D with abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment with renew ability, making Wahaha keep the core competitive edge. At the same time, we have developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilize our leading position. Currently, Whaha keeps investment and innovation for becoming the world top 500 enterprises。
Example [7]: 东方机械位于风景秀丽、物产丰富、经济发达、文化繁荣,素有江南“鱼米、皮革之乡”美称的钱塘江畔。(hua-jia .com/s1.htm)
Original version: Our factory is located in Dingqiao Town by the Qiantang River where is famed as"The Home of fish,Rice and Leather",with beautiful scenery,rich products,flourishing economy and prosperous culture.
Revised version: “...located at Dingqiao Town by the Qingtang river, our company specialized in the production of ... ”(we can just delete the underlined part)
Example [8]: 2003年初,公司为满足国内市场对专用车的需要,及时调整产品结构并成立的专用车公司,在做稳、做强客车的同时,投巨资实施专用车项目,精心打造有洛阳宇通特色的专用车产品,本着“低端切人、高端占领”的原则,经过精心筹备,四大系列产品即混凝土搅拌车系列、散装水泥车系列、加油车系列、洒水车系列一经投放市场,便以其全新的设计、优美的造型、细腻的工艺赢得了市场的青睐。(lyyt.com/t9/index.asp)
Original version: In the early of 2003, in order to meet the demands for special-purpose car in domestic market, we adjusted our product's structure and set up a new department dealing with special purpose car. While steadying and strengthening the production of passenger car, we invest large amounts of money in special-purpose car to carefully make this kind of products with vivid Luoyang Yutong characteristics. With the principle of cutting in from the low end and taking possession at the high end, our four series of products were put into market in April of 2003 after careful preparation. They are dowser series, water cart series, bulk cement vehicle series and concrete-mixing vehicle series. The products win for their new designation, exquisite molding and technique.
Revised version: In addition to its wonderful performance in the sector of passenger cars, Luoyang Yutong Automobile co., Ltd. Moved forward with an aggressive campaign to stay at the forefront of transportation. In the early of 2003, we set up a new sector to manufacture special-purpose vehicles including fuel trucks, spraying cars, bulk cement trucks and concrete-mixing trucks which are tailored to the needs of Chinese market. They gained excellent reputation for their original design and state-of-the-art technics among clients as soon as they were put into market in April of the same years.
4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern
In the functionalist perspective, the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target address, and anything that prevents the achievement of this purpose in considered as a translation error. This means that a particular expression or utterance is not inadequate in itself; it only becomes inadequate with regard to the communicative function it was expected to achieve. Furthermore, Nord classifies the translation errors into four categories: pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text-specific ones[9]. Study of the small corpus shows those translation errors in the translated corporate website are mainly linguistic and cultural. In the following parts, the author is to demonstrate the problems common to nearly all the sample texts, with suggested solutions thereafter.
Example [9]: 引进大量的科技管理人才,成立“真爱集团人才联谊会” 形成“重知识,重人才” 的良好气氛。(truelovegroup.com/english/about/about.asp)
Original version: To form well atmosphere “esteem acknowledge, esteem intellect”, truelove employed a mess of technology and management persons and set up “truelove group talent sociality”.
Revised version: To form well atmosphere “respect knowledge and talents”, Truelove employed talents and set up “Truelove talents Union”.
Example [10]:
(1)医德医风
Medical ethics
(2)全体员工精诚团结,上下一心
All the staffs unite absolute sincerity
(3)上有上策,下有下策,有令不行,有禁不止。
Disobey orders and defy prohibition.
In these translations repetitions have been talked carefully.The Word “ethics” contains the meaning of both“德”and“风”. The Chinese“精诚团结”and“上下一心” which have the same meaning are translated into “unite in absolute sincerity.” As with these, the third English sentence fully renders the Chinese version whose second part means the same as the first one.
Let's quote example (2) as another example of this strategy. Taking a look at the underlined parts, we find the Chinese phrase“进入饭店” has not been translated. The English version “Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel Management Group introduced us ...” is clear and sufficient to express the meaning of “进入饭店,带来…”. If we translate it in the word-for-word way “as entered the hotel and brought...”, the TT readers in English cultures will be confused. Thus, leaving out tautological words is one of the communicative methods in translating to realize the purpose of the TT. More specifically, this translation is a compliance with coherence rule rather than the fidelity rule.
4.2 Linguistic translation errors
A linguistic translation error is at the most basic level among the types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator's poor command of the language. Unfamiliar with the language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of mistakes, which range from lexis (spelling and choice of words), syntax (grammatical sentence and structure) and semantics (meaning that the source text intends to convey).
4.2.1 Spelling errors
Example [11]: 本公司始终坚持以“质量为本,科技创新,优质服务,环保产品”为发展宗旨。(chinacgic.com/company.asp)
Original version: Our company has all along been adhering to such a development philosophy: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Revised version:our company has all along been adhering to such a developing idea: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.
Example [12]:“成功电子” 以拥有您的支持而自豪,并有信心通过我们不断的努力使您以使用“成功电子” 产品而骄傲。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: Success Electronics is proud for having your support and convinced that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
Revised verion: Success Electronic is proud for having your support and it convince that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.
4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation
Example[13]: 公司自创办以来,不断扩大规模,更新产品的种类。欢迎各中外客商前来共创商机! (rx-china.com/)
Original version: The company spread dimensions at once. sincerely welcomes its friends to have business negotiation, cooperate with them and jointly make great achievement.
Revised version: Since the establishment of our company we have always been expanding our industrial scale and adding new ranges to our production line. Now we warmly welcome our customers, both at home and abroad, to come together and enjoy better business opportunities!
Example [14]: 本公司经营的产品广泛用于通讯设备、家用电器、仪器仪表、数码产品行业、电子玩具以及工业自动化设备等各种领域, 在电子行业有很高的声誉。(zszyss.com/)
Original version: The product of company’s operation is used in the various fields such as communication equipment, electric home appliances, instrument appearance, digital product profession, electronictoy as well as industrial automatic equipment extensively, we have very high reputation on electronic profession.
Revised version: The products we deal in are widely used in such areas as communication, household electrical appliances, instruments and meters, digital products, electric toys and industrial automatic equipment. Our company enjoys a high reputation in the line of electronic.
4.2.3 Incorrect word translation
Example [15]: 本公司近年致力弘扬、推广中华优秀传统文化和与之相结合的高新科技。2002年起被中央有关部门指定为外交部国礼系列图书国内外主要发行单位之一。(zylp.com/)
Original version: This company recent years devoted to bring honor to , to promote the China outstanding traditional culture and high speed science which unified with it. In 2002 is assigned by the central department concerned one of for country cash as a present book domestic and foreign main release units .
Revised version: We have been carrying forward and popularizing traditional Chinese culture combined with newly developed high-tech. In 2002, our company was appointed to be one of the authorized publishers of series of golden books as official gifts for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Example [16]: 百果园占地面积20 亩,花园式布局,生产车间4800m²,设有原料、粗加工、成品、包装、冷藏、锅炉等生产车间。(baiguoyuan.com.cn/)
Original version: Baiguoyuan is like a garden it cone ns an area of zomu, with 3400 sguan meters work shop, including material storage workshop , naw processing workshop, finshed produet workshop, packing workshop, cold stonage workshop and boilen workshop.
Revised version: Baiguoyuan, a well laid out garden-like enterprise, covers an area of 20 mu, and owns a production department of 4800 square meters including workshops handling materials, rough processing, finished goods, packing, refrigerating and a boiler room.
4.2.4 Illogical arrangement
Illogical arrangement is primarily coordinated at the incorrectly translation of an individual expression or sentence's elements which cause incoherent and misunderstanding.
Example [17]:(本单位)成立于1988年,是经国家建设部批准,专业从事地基与基础工程施工的壹级企业。(richelevator.com/hz/)
Original version:We are the stair enterp rise professioned on construction of groundwork and base engineering approved by national construction department founded in 1988.
Revised version: Our company, with the approval of Ministry of Construction, was established in 1988 and we are now a first grade enterprise specializing in the construction of groundwork and foundational engineering.
Example [18]: 公司非常重视对员工队伍素质的培训工作,专门成立了人力资源部,对员工进行操作技术、专业技能、安全生产、市场意识、产品质量等方面的培训。(chinacgic.com/)
Original version: The company emphasize on training for the staff, specialize to establish HR department, train manipulating technique, specialty skill, safe producing, market apperceiving, product quality and the other side training.
Revised version:We put emphasis on training our working staff and specially set up a human resources department for the purpose of guiding our staff members to master new operating techniques, professional skills, safety in production, marketing strategies and quality control.
4.3 Cultural translation errors
When preparing an English version of the corporate profile, the Chinese companies tend to translate literally the existing Chinese language, regardless of the fact that different addressees require an adjustment of the relationship between the explicit and implicit information in the target text and that the target cultural conventions should be given priority.
Example[19]: 公司于2000年顺利通过ISO9001: 2000版国际质量体系认证,形成了一套完整的质量保障体系,2002年11月被中国轻工业质量认证中心授予 “环保陶瓷”称号。(.cn/)
Original version:the company passed ISO9001:2000 International Quality System Certification in 2000, and has established a complete quality assurance system. It was awarded as “Environmental friendly ceramics”.
In this short paragraph, the company exhibits four honorary titles: ISO9001:2000版国际质量体系认证,“环保陶瓷” without further explaining what the awards are about, what requirements should be met to win each and how this company is qualified to receive the glories. For people who are familiar with the awarding system, this information is able to serve as a strong support for the qualification of company. However, the westerners are probably not so moved by these titles. Questions may haunt the readers, such as “what is the evaluation standard of the award?” “how often is the award granted?” “how many enterprises can get award in each season?” in other words, only when the information becomes convincing enough can the foreigners acknowledge the qualification of the company.
5.Conclusion
It should have been a progress for the development of the Chinese enterprises since the bilingual corporate websites open a new channel for them to present themselves to the world; however, in the analysis of the translated company introductions, the author observes quite a number of errors and problems prevailing the target text, which can hardly help achieve the function of the source text, only to ruin the image of the company. After all, a company with a poor English introduction can hardly convince the potential customers of the top-quality claim of the product and service therein. Delving into the translated corporate profiles, the author finds out that as far as the translation of the Chinese corporate profiles is concerned, Chinese companies still have a long way to go.
In this light, the paper analyses the language, cultural-specific terms and discourse of the translated corporate website translation, locates common errors and proposes some methods for better communication with the international audience.
However, as nearly all the cooperate profiles are translated literally in the process, even if the linguistic and cultural errors are corrected the target texts still appear awkward in the whole text and fail to become fluent English. In other words, any corrections made in the English sentences do not solve the problem and cannot ensure a functionally satisfactory reaction from the audience.
Guo Jianzhong says the translation of pragmatic texts is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques. It holds true to the company introduction, which is tattooed to translate according to the source text’s diction and structure. What the translators need to do is to adapt to or rewrite the source text before translating. Though the English may be not literally correspondent with the original source text, the meaning of the content and stylistic features retain. As a result, the communication carries out successfully and the function is fulfilled.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Yang Xue, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Zhang Lan, Zhu Ming, Wu Xiaoyun, and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
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诚 信 承 诺
我谨在此承诺:本人所写的毕业论文《外贸公司网站英译研究之目的论视角》均系本人独立完成,没有抄袭行为,凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料,均作了注释,若有不实,后果由本人承担。
篇3
[关键词]应用型本科;毕业论文改革;课程设置;撰写形式
[中图分类号]H193.6[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1672-8610(2016)01-0132-03
本科毕业论文是实现本科培养目标要求的重要教学环节,也是检验学生综合素质与实践能力培养效果的手段,还是评价学校教育质量和办学水平的重要标尺。独立学院作为我国高等学校本科办学模式的新生力量,主要以培养素质高、能力强、会创新、能创业的高级应用型人才为目标。毕业论文反映独立学院内涵建设的水平,关系学校的办学声誉和可持续发展。
一、问题的提出与研究现状
目前,我国高校大部分独立学院都以“应用型”作为人才培养主要目标之一,课程设置方面也在一定程度上做出了与母体学校相区别的设置,但在毕业论文这一环节却多半没有明显的区分度,尤其是文科语言类的专业,依然以撰写学术论文的形式存在。学习过程中侧重实践与应用,但在毕业论文环节又绕回到了重理论与学术研究的状态,此种矛盾不仅困扰了众多的学生,也令许多论文指导老师一筹莫展。学生在撰写毕业论文的过程中困难重重,较常见的问题有:科研经验不足、科研兴趣偏低、选题困难、难以创新等。论文指导老师抱怨较多的方面则是:学生逻辑论证能力差、阅读量太少、科研语言表达能力欠缺、学术论文格式规范度不高、畏难情绪严重、主动性不够等。从师生两方面反映的困难不难看出,诸多问题的存在与课程设置、学习过程中缺乏与撰写学术论文相应的支撑有密切关系。也可以理解为:毕业论文的撰写形式与培养过程中重实践与应用的模式不匹配。为此,相继有学者对独立学院的本科毕业论文改革展开研究。在知网的搜索显示,关于本科毕业论文改革的文章,以“独立学院毕业论文”为关键词的论文有22篇,时间段集中在2008年至2014年,平均每年为3.6篇。而以“独立学院英语专业毕业论文”为关键词的有关论文为3篇,研究角度集中在写作过程调查、问题与对策等方面。有青年学者提出以配音讲解作品替代学术论文的做法。[1]147-150也有学者认为毕业论文要与社会接轨。[2]123甚至还有学者对毕业论文与实习和就业一体化模式进行了探讨,主张毕业论文的选题与学生实习、就业紧密相关外,还提出学生可用外语类职业资格证书、国家级竞赛获奖证书等方式申请免撰写毕业论文。[3]99-102与此相对应的,公立院校针对本科毕业论文改革进行研究的论文则高达上万篇,时间也要久远得多,有专门针对理工科专业的,如《电子信息专业本科毕业论文改革实践》[4]84-87,也有专门针对文科专业的,如《毕业论文改革:高校新闻本科教育改革的切入点》。[5]110-112姑且不论独立学院是20世纪80年代的新生事物,但相关研究论文绝对量较少,是否就意味着独立学院毕业论文改革的重要性偏低,必要性不具备呢?答案是否定的。课题小组以南国商学院英语类本科专业2013届、2014届和2015届连续三届毕业生为研究对象开展的重点校级课题中所采集的有关数据显示:应用型本科学生的毕业论文改革势在必行。
二、项目研究设计
本课题的目的在于结合学校英语类本科专业毕业论文的现实情况,提出改革的方案,进行改革实践,推动独立学院本科毕业论文科学发展。据此,特拟定了如下研究内容:一是审视学校的人才培养模式和培养目标,究其是否与经济社会的发展需求相吻合;二是考察本专业的人才培养方案,看其中的课程设置是否与学生必须具备的知识结构和能力结构相冲突。三是采取试验实践的方法,了解学生对其他形式的毕业设计是否感兴趣,具体做法包括:引导学生在大学期间积极写作,争取在省级及以上刊物公开;鼓励翻译专业的学生从事翻译实践并撰写翻译体会;提倡商务英语专业的学生开展市场调查并撰写调研报告;帮助英语专业的学生从事跨文化比较研究。
三、项目研究过程与研究结果
本课题研究的过程是通过审视学校人才培养方案和培养目标、考察专业人才培养方案和开展为期三年的试验实践的方式进行,最终通过分析试验和调查问卷数据,得出研究的结果。
(一)研究过程
1.审视学校人才培养方案和培养目标。审视学校的人才培养模式和培养目标,究其是否与经济社会的发展需求相吻合。学校以“通基础、精专业、强外语、重实践”为人才培养模式,致力于培养“应用型、复合型、外向型”人才。可见,在培养模式和培养目标方面总体上符合地区经济社会发展对独立学院人才培养的期望。2.考察专业人才培养方案。考察本专业的人才培养方案,看其中的课程设置是否与学生必须具备的知识结构和能力结构相冲突。2013届的英语专业人才培养方案中,在三年级之前阅读和写作课程分别开设了两个学期,之后再无写作课程。也就是课程设置中并无有关学术论文写作的课程,但学生毕业之时要求撰写毕业论文。2014届和2015届的人才培养方案中,阅读和写作课程依然在低年级各开设了两个学期,但在三年级第二学期均开设了文献检索与论文写作课程。这意味着学生刚开始学习如何撰写学术论文就要开始撰写毕业论文了。此外,学校本科毕业论文(设计)工作管理办法中明确规定了论文指导老师的职责和毕业论文的格式等主要内容,可以理解为撰写学术论文是完成毕业论文的唯一形式。显然,专业人才培养方案中的课程设置与毕业检测形式不匹配,与应用型人才的培养目标不一致。3.开展毕业论文改革实践。针对人才培养方案的不足,在毕业论文论文撰写阶段采取试验实践的方法,帮助学生开展不同形式的论文撰写,突出实践性和应用性。一是引导学生在大学期间积极写作,争取在省级及以上刊物公开。凡是在本学科省级(含以上)刊物发表文章、译文的,且文章字数与毕业论文字数相当(约5000字),无论文章使用的语言是中文还是英文,只要在答辩前出刊,均可直接参与全英文答辩。选择公开的同学在开题时填写《本科毕业设计计划书》,内容要素与毕业论文开题报告书有较大不同,内容有“拟撰写字数”、“论文内容概要”、“拟发表刊物等级”和“进程安排”等方面。计划书通过后,在论文指导老师的引导下,完成论文的撰写与发表,最后经学院学术委员会审定能达到毕业论文要求的,允许参与答辩。二是鼓励翻译专业的学生从事翻译实践并撰写翻译体会。翻译专业的人才培养目标是培养能熟练使用翻译工具,能够胜任不同文体文本的笔译、口译工作的应用型高级专门人才。由此可见,翻译是毕业生必备的技能,鼓励学生从事翻译实践无疑具有很强的职业预备性。翻译资料的方式可以是中译英,也可以是英译中,原始翻译资料的总字数需达到3000字以上。译文被公司采纳的学生,需结合翻译实践撰写2000字左右的全英文论述文章,经论文指导老师审定合格后,可以凭借书面的采纳证明申请参与全英文答辩,答辩时还需提供翻译原件和译稿。选择从事翻译实践的同学在开题时填写《本科毕业设计计划书》,计划书的内容要素有翻译类型选择“英译中/中译英”、翻译字数选择“1500字汉译英+1500字英译汉/3000字汉译英/3000字英译汉”、“拟翻译的内容概要”和“翻译公司的相关信息”(需提供相关证明材料)。三是提倡商务英语专业的学生开展市场调查并撰写调研报告。商务英语专业的人才培养目标是培养能在国际环境中熟练使用英语从事经贸、管理、金融等领域商务工作的应用型高级专门人才。而近年来对毕业生就业开展的跟踪调查表明:有相当一部分毕业生会从事与市场有关的工作。因此本项目提倡学生结合专业实习撰写有关的调研文章或论述文章,且字数、文章质量与毕业论文相当时,经审定能达到毕业论文要求的,视为完成毕业论文,最后参与全英文答辩。在此过程中,选择撰写调研报告的同学在开题时填写《本科毕业论文(设计)开题报告》,与撰写普通学术论文相同,但要求学生通过制定调查问卷,收集下翔实的数据,文中就调查问卷所取得的数据进行统计分析,得出相关结论,且调查问卷需附在正文之后,供答辩小组成员参考。四是帮助英语专业的学生从事跨文化比较研究。根据人才培养方案的要求,英语专业的学生需具有较强的英语语言运用能力和跨文化交际能力,因此,通过适度的问卷调查从事跨文化比较研究也是比较贴近实际、提升学生语言运用能力的手段之一。对三届毕业生的选题进行分析发现,在导师的指导下,大量学生从事跨文化比较研究,类似的选题如:《英汉广告幽默文化对比》《中美灾难文化价值观异同》《中美商务谈判文化风格差异对比》和《中美企业文化差异对比》等。事实上,这些选题被学生认为易于撰写,并且完成得较好。五是告知学生还可用反映本科毕业研究水平的其他形式替代毕业论文的撰写。其他与专业相关的创新设计,字数、质量与毕业论文相当,经审定达到毕业论文要求的形式均可由学生开展。如与在省级(含以上)刊物公开相当的有主持或者参与省级大学生创新项目;与参与翻译实践相当的有参加省级(含以上)口、笔译大赛并获奖;通过国家级职业资格证书考试等等。视具体情况,由学生提出申请,学院学术委员会讨论通过,经审定合格的,均可视为达到毕业论文的水平。
(二)研究结果
1.改革实践数据统计。2013级305名毕业生中,有4人参与了翻译实践,占毕业人数的1.3%。2014届200名毕业生中,共有42人参与毕业论文改革实践。其中7人在公开刊物,占毕业人数的3.5%;35人从事翻译实践,占毕业人数的17.5%。参与毕业论文改革实践的学生总体比例为21%。2015届290名毕业生中,共有66人参与毕业论文改革实践,其中2人在公开刊物上发表文章,占毕业人数的0.6%,51人从事翻译实践,占毕业人数的17.6%,15人进行调查研究,占毕业人数的5%,参与毕业论文改革实践的学生总体比例为23.3%。三年的数据表明,参与毕业论文改革实践的学生绝对人数及比例呈逐年上升趋势。2.问卷调查数据分析。由于2015届为学院迄今为止毕业生人数较多、参与毕业论文改革人数最多的年级,故选择作为本次问卷调查的对象。问卷以不定项选择题和开放式问答题的形式,就“独立学院的大学生有无必要完成毕业论文?”,“毕业论文撰写方面遇到何种问题?”,以及“最希望以何种形式完成毕业论文?”等十项内容进行调查。经过对调查问卷收集的数据进行分析发现:学生普遍承认完成毕业论文是必要的、的确有利于综合素质的培养、也有利于科研能力的提升,并且对于英语表达能力的培养也有明显帮助;但资料贫乏、科研经验不足、语言表达跟不上和难以创新凸显了教学与检测的不对接。绝大部分学生认为现有的毕业论文形式的确需要进行改革,要实现教学内容与毕业检测的全面对接;有学生认为实践能力远比科研能力重要,学校需要对所开的专业课程进行相应改变以对接毕业论文改革。且不论学生看问题有无偏颇,从对人才培养方案的考察来看,学生要求教学内容与毕业检测对接的要求无疑是正确的。3.有待解决的问题。研究中反馈的问题包括三个方面:第一,在省级(含以上)刊物公开的学生均是使用中文撰写,虽然答辩时使用的是英文,但并不能完全说明其使用英文撰写毕业论文的能力也达到了相应的水平。是否要求学生在省级(含以上)刊物发表全英文的文章还有待进一步商榷。第二,根据论文指导老师的反馈,从事翻译实践的同学所翻译的译文初稿水平并不能达到相应要求,都需要指导老师的大力修改方能达到公司期望的水准。虽说在反复修改的过程中,学生的翻译能力也会因此而提高,但指导老师认为译稿的最终水平并非学生真实翻译能力的体现。如果委托公司借此聘用学生担任正式的翻译,日后在无教师指导下的翻译水平能否保证还有待考证。第三,暂时还未对反映本科毕业研究水平的其他形式进行实践研究,也没有学生提出相关置换申请。课题组成员认为,毕业检测的形式应该没有穷尽。从研究的结果中发现,对于以“应用型”作为人才培养主要目标之一的独立学院的英语类专业学生而言,虽然更看重自身实践能力的培养,但恰当的科研对于提高其综合的语言能力和研究能力有着不可或缺的作用。有关教学与检测对接问题的探索,不仅需要在课程设置方面开展研究,也需要在毕业论文的撰写形式方面积极改革,更需要对不同形式的毕业检测进行利弊分析,力争使教学过程与教学检测相一致,理论学习与实践应用相一致,在校学习与求职就业相一致,最终实现毕业论文撰写形式多样化、方式合理化、效果显著化的目标,提高独立学院的本科人才培养质量。
【参考文献】
[1]郭庆,黄运婷.英语专业本科毕业论文改革的研究与实践[J].太原师范学院学报(社会科学版),2013(3).
[2]奚道同,等.民办高校毕业论文(设计)改革方向研究[J].山西财经大学学报,2013,35(1).
[3]王淼.独立学院英语专业本科毕业论文、实习、就业一体化模式探索[J].海外英语,2014(6).
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篇4
一、毕业论文撰写的要求
1 毕业论文要求科学性
无论是自然科学还是社会规律,必须根据科学研究这个总的任务,对研究的对象进行探讨,揭示规律。是科学的,经得起推敲的,独到见解也是建立在科学的基础上的。必须从客观实际出发,从中引出符合实际的结论,不得带有个人的好恶和偏见。在论据上作者必须经过周密的观察、实验或者阅读、思考。
2 毕业论文要求创见性
科学研究的任务是对新的知识的探求,在综合别人研究的成果的基础上去发现别人没有发现过或者没有涉及过的问题。科学研究的任务本身就决定了它必须去探索规律,必须实事求是。科学研究本身又蕴涵了创见性,就是在综合别人研究成果的基础上去发现别人没有发现过或者没有涉及过的问题。要有独到的见解,要发现一个新的创见。
3 毕业论文要求专业性
我们不同专业领域里的毕业生可以根据自己平时的积累和爱好选择题目,基本上都是在自己的专业领域内。不要离开自己的专业去写别的跨专业的。
4 毕业论文要求通俗性
尽管我们要求论文的专业性,但语言要求通俗,这样便于传播和交流。
二、毕业论文的选题原则
1 要选择有科学价值的问题,要选择亟待解决的课题,减少选题的盲目性。
2 利用灵感来选题
看别人的评论过程中打开自己的思路,进行选题。在你看书、观察或思考的过程中,你会发现这个角度我可以深入下去。考虑选题的大小、难易度和利用自己的灵感思维来选题。
三、毕业论文的写作
1 围绕着论题去占有和选择材料。
首先要进行写作前的准备工作。先要围绕着论题去占有和选择材料。也就是说,当你的论题已经确定以后,围绕着立论去占有材料,多多益善的去看。积累材料,再有论点。要对研究对象的外延材料占有。在有材料的基础上要选择材料。材料多的情况下,你就选更好的材料。
2 选择论文的类型
毕业论文的类型一是学术性论文,二是报告性论文。应用性比较少的科目来说比较容易做成学术型论文,应用性比较强的学科,论文一般写成调查性的或总结性的报告型论文。论文类型的选择,主要是看论文的对象。如果是宏观的,我们就用综述性的描述:如果是微观的,涉及到某一个具体作家作品或某一个问题,我们就选择论述性的。
3 要拟订论文的写作提纲
如果没有完整的写作提纲的话,逻辑思维就会出现偏差。把一个个提纲罗列出来,罗列出来以后看一下,总论点是什么,分论点是什么,围绕着总论点有几个分论点,分论点列出来了以后,一定要注意以纲带目。提纲、材料等出来以后,就可以进行论文写作了。
4 开始写论文的时候,要注意标题拟制
论文的标题拟制,一般是两个标题。如果是一个标题不太容易驾驭。一个标题往往是比较宏观一些。当然也可以用正标题来表示论题的观点,副标题表示研究的对象。题目拟制好了以后,论文还要注意要写摘要,把整个论文的主要内容说一下。在论文的扉页上,先是题目,题目下面是摘要。论文提要主要交代清楚选题的背景、理由,论文的观点和价值,简明扼要的揭示出来,便于读者(主要是导师、评委、编辑等)即使不阅读全文就可以获得最重要的信息。一般宇数不超过全文的5%.在摘要下面要有关键词。关键词把论文的主要观点用3到5个词提取出来。
5 论文的格式
论文的规格:正文长度800-2,000单词。使用的语言:英语论文正文部分:
(1)题目大写,三号字,新时代罗马宇,大写下面可写一个附标题,4号字;
(2)作者名,5号字,班级,学号
(3)指导教师名,5号字,职称
(4)摘要:300字左右,5号字,英文一页,中文一页
(5)关键词:不能用专有名词,词与词之间空四格,不加标点符号
(6)正文:用5号字,大部分标题用5号字黑体、小部分、小小部分。大部分用罗马字,小不分用一般数字符号。
(7)参考文献(Bibliog raphy):先英文,后中文,作者名,文章名,书刊名,出版社,地点,出版年月,
6 毕业论文质量标准
(1)选题恰当、与毕业生的知识水平与认识能力相当:
(2)内容丰富、资料翔实、论证充分有力.
(3)叙述清楚、层次清晰而丰富,
(四)语言表达正确,无拼写错误、语言错误控制在20-25%
篇5
产生是如何查阅,要对几个知名数据库了如指掌,如中国知网、万方、维普等。另外国外的数据库如Springer,非林格尔等,对于英文文献也是很有帮助的。另外文献的格式怎么写,也需要进行了解,给大家推荐一个快速复制参考文献格式的方法,即用百度学术。
一、关于阅读文献
通过看一些网上关于读文献的重要性和方法的文章我对这件事从态度上已经有了一个比较深刻的认识,但是从他口中说出来在让我在加深了以往认识的同时又多了些设身处地的感觉。
1.文献量要大,虽然我也知道,但是没有实际的感觉,按照他的说法就是要读研究领域内的几乎全部文章,至少也有几百篇。他举H师兄的例子,他花了一年半的时间读了上千篇文献,使他对这个领域非常了解,因此他成为了一个优秀的硕士,写文章非常厉害,现在是优秀的教师。可以说读文献阶段是非常辛苦和枯燥的,但又是无法跨越的,这里面恐怕蕴含着量变导致质变的原理了。>>推荐推荐《在毕业论文中导师的重要性》
2.对待文献的态度,为什么我总觉得我想研究的问题都有人研究过了?要想有所创新,在读文献的时候就一定要以批判的眼光去分析它的目的、方法、过程和结论,要时刻在想“是这样么”或是“这样对么”或是“能否用其他方法来解决”,所谓“不破不立”就是这个道理。尽信书不如无书,如果认为文献都是完美的,那么没有继续研究的必要了。虽然爱因斯坦说世界上99.9%的论文都是垃圾,他本人也只写过10篇论文,但是仍然要而且不得不采取渐进式创新的方法,就是在他人研究成果的基础上进行自己的研究。
篇6
关键词 医药营销专业 论文质量 教学改革
中图分类号:G424 文献标识码:A DOI:10.16400/ki.kjdkz.2015.03.059
Medicine Marketing Undergraduate Thesis
Quality Analysis and Teaching Reform
YANG Lin
(Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021)
Abstract Pharmaceutical marketing professional thesis is to examine the effect of graduates of professional learning important practical aspects, to fully reflect the student's comprehensive ability and self-learning ability, but also improve an important teaching graduates overall practice and innovation ability. Combined with the actual situation of pharmaceutical marketing professional school student thesis, analysis of nearly 153 graduates three basic conditions of pharmaceutical marketing and quality factors papers, thesis writing and defense against the existing problems, enhance substantive pharmaceutical marketing graduate thesis quality feasibility strategy.
Key words pharmaceutical marketing; thesis quality; teaching reform
医药营销专业本科毕业论文是培养学生综合运用所学理论知识独立分析和解决问题的一个重要环节,为了调查论文质量及发现论文写作中存在的问题,抽取近三届153篇毕业论文进行回顾性分析。大多数学生实习都集中于医药经营企业,论文选题与医药营销实践的相关度较高,论文的完成能够体现医药营销专业综合训练的要求。通过对该专业近三届学生毕业论文质量的分析,探讨对本专业毕业论文质量影响的因素,通过加强对毕业论文写作各环节的指导与控制,提高医药营销专业毕业论文的整体水平。
1 医药营销专业本科毕业论文基本情况
近三届医药营销专业本科毕业论文共153篇,其中2008级35篇,2009级36篇,2010级82篇。调查内容包括医药营销专业153篇论文的总体评分情况,毕业论文的三种主要类型,毕业生实习单位、指导老师同毕业论文得分之间的相关关系等基本情况。2012、2013、2014届医药营销专业毕业论文的优秀率分别为8.6%、13.9%、13.4%,良好率分别是85.7%、69.4%、76.8%,合格率占5.7%、16.7%、9.8%。综合来看学生写作流程基本规范,但是论文质量有待提高。
医药营销专业毕业论文类型分为理论研究型、市场调查型和理论应用型。这三种类型在2012届毕业论文中的比率分别占8.6%、2.8%、88.6%,在2013届毕业论文中的比率为11.1%、2.7%、86.2%,在2014届毕业论文中的比率占7.3%、3.6%、89.1%。总体来看,近三届学生的毕业论文以结合医药市场具体情况进行分析、运用营销理论解决实际问题的应用型为主。
医药营销专业毕业生的实习单位分为医药外资企业、国内医药经营企业、连锁药店和非医药企业这四种类型。综合近三届毕业论文总体成绩来看,在医药外资企业实习的毕业生论文中优秀、良好、合格的比率是59.3%、33.3%、7.4%,在国内医药经营企业实习的毕业生论文中优秀、良好、合格的比率是2.7%、90.5%、6.8%,在连锁药店实习的毕业生论文中优秀、良好、合格的比率是2.6%、82.0%、15.4%。在非医药企业实习的毕业生论文中没有成绩优秀的,良好与合格比率是76.9%、23.1%。显然在医药外资企业实习的毕业生论文质量最优。
医药营销专业毕业生结合专业的实践与应用特性,近三届毕业生中111人由医药企业工作人员带教,论文考评优秀、良好、合格的比率是11.7%、73.9%、14.4%,一些在连锁药店和非医药企业实习的学生因缺乏指导老师而由校内专业课老师带教,论文考评优秀、良好、合格的比率是14.3%、61.9%、23.8%。
2 医药营销专业本科毕业论文质量影响因素分析
通过对已经毕业的近三届医药营销毕业论文的回顾性整理发现,影响论文质量的因素主要体现在学生对待毕业论文的态度、实习单位与指导老师这几个主要的方面。
2.1 毕业生对待论文的态度
医药营销专业本科学生大都在医药企业实习,实习单位对学生有着较为严格的绩效考核制度,学生不能像在校期间学习一样静下心来写论文。学生在毕业论文写作阶段面临实习、考研及找工作等问题,往往忽视了毕业论文写作。对2010级学生采用访谈法收集毕业生对于毕业论文的看法和投入精力后发现,只有26%学生认为毕业论文很重要,47%的学生认为比较重要,27%的学生认为写论文纯属完成任务。整体而言,学生在论文选题、开题、资料收集、论文撰写、论文修改、毕业论文答辩等各个环节投入的时间和精力不足。
2.2 论文选题与论文质量
从毕业论文总体来看,在论文选题方面大都集中于医药市场领域,绝大多数学生选择了自己感兴趣、与营销工作联系紧密并且自己可以驾驭完成的论题。论文的选题难度与论文完成的工作量较为适中。医药营销专业毕业论文以理论应用型为主,高达88.9%,市场调查型最少只占论文总量的2.6%。通过对2010级毕业生的抽查结果显示,其中只有少部分学生在完成论文时,既查阅了文献又进行了实际的市场调研。由于毕业论文的写作设在最后一个学期,很多同学将绝大部分时间放在了实习和找工作上,在写作时忽略了原始资料的获取,只进行了二手文献的查阅,影响了论文的说服力。核查得分较低的论文后发现,个别学生论文选题过大,没有针对本专业的具体情况,致使完成论文难度倍增,加之实习过程缺少必要的实践训练环节,导致论文内容空洞质量不高。
2.3 指导老师与论文质量
因为扩招本校医药营销专业学生人数逐年增加,校内指导老师无法完成全部学生的论文指导工作,因此从学生实习的医药企业聘请责任心强、与营销实践工作相关的人员作为校外指导老师。由医药企业人员和校内专业课老师指导的毕业论文优秀率分别为11.7%和14.3%,两者之间没有显著差异。校内教师对于营销理论非常了解,但对具体操作却不十分清楚,在指导学生的过程中会出现仅仅靠理论指导,而难以解决企业实际问题的情况。医药企业人员具备丰富的市场销售经验,能够指导学生将理论转化为实践应用,从学生论文中可以发现与具体实习企业的紧密联系,但是校外老师在论文格式规范、参考文献等方面有待改进。
2.4 实习单位与论文质量
实习单位对于毕业论文的优良率有着重要的影响,从论文统计中可以发现,医药外资企业、国内医药企业、连锁药店实习的学生毕业论文优秀率分别为 59.3%、2.7%、2.6%,在医药外资企业实习的毕业生论文优良率远高于其他三类企业,说明实习单位与毕业论文成绩之间存在关联。从论文完成情况可以看出,医药外资企业拥有良好的资金、技术等竞争优势,在人力资源培养方面投入力度大,在此实习的学生在市场销售中得到了较好锻炼,同时论文质量整体较好。
3 提高医药营销毕业论文质量的改革对策
3.1 加强对毕业生论文写作前的指导
针对2014届毕业生进行的调研问卷显示63%学生和47%指导教师认为影响论文质量的最主要问题是缺少论文规范性写作的指导和训练。83%的学生认为学校有必要在实习前,给学生提供一些从开题报告到毕业论文的范文并加以讲解,使学生掌握论文的写作方法和注意事项,提高论文写作质量和水平。虽然历届学生在毕业论文前都会安排有实习动员,但由于时间紧,实习动员更多的是强调实习注意事项和对论文基本要求,没有对论文写作安排专门时间来指导和训练。因此,毕业论文水平的提高必须通过一定的方式方法来逐步实现。
可行的方法是将论文写作专项训练课程的内容划分为课堂讲授及写作训练两部分。论文指导教师用5学时讲完教学计划的核心内容,以综述、开题报告、中英文摘要和论文写作进行讲授。核心内容的讲授采用案例式教学,以往届毕业生中的优秀论文为范文进行分析说明。剩余的时间通过给出学习要点及作业由学生自主完成。学生作业结合拟完成毕业论文题目,逐项提交与之有关的开题报告、中英文摘要和论文等。
3.2 论文写作由校内外导师共同指导
医药营销专业的学生撰写论文是要解决企业的实际问题,为了能够使学生的论文反映医药企业的实际情况,实习企业应该为学生指派一位实践指导教师,由校外老师负责指导学生的营销实践环节,并为学生创造条件进行学位论文的撰写。校内老师指导学生完成与学位论文相关的表格填写工作。这样学生在收集数据、调查资料等方面就能从企业角度分析问题、解决问题,大大提高了学生对实际问题的理解程度,保证了学生在理论和实践应用两方面顺利完成毕业论文的写作。与此同时,这也将有利于加强校内外交流与合作,提高本专业学生的培养质量,向医药企业输送合格的毕业生。
3.3 论文答辩方式的改革
医药营销专业的学生答辩形式是人人参与答辩,答辩成绩占最终论文总成绩的40%,查阅总成绩不高的学生论文后发现,答辩成绩也往往偏低。学院选择在医药企业实践经验丰富的管理人员和校内专业课老师共同组成医药营销论文答辩小组,每个小组由5名教师组成,每个答辩的学生需要回答2~3个问题,学生一一作答后,答辩教师根据学生的论文撰写情况和答辩情况给出相应的成绩,如果成绩不合格需要进行二次答辩。为了避免这种效率不高的重复劳动,本专业将在下一届毕业生中推行预答辩制度,即在正式答辩之前先组织学生预演全过程,帮助学生及时找到不足加以完善,以期在正式答辩中发挥出最佳水平。
毕业论文的质量不仅能反映教师的教学和科研水平,而且还能反映一个学校人才培养模式和培养计划的合理性。毕业论文是对大学四年学习成果的综合性总结,对学生利用所学知识分析问题和解决问题能力的检验,是大学生完成学业的标志性作业。通过校外实习就业一体化基地建设、实施论文写作的综合实训指导,完善毕业论文过程化管理和严格地进行论文评阅与答辩等措施,将实质性提高医药营销专业毕业论文的质量。
项目:西安医学院2014年校级精品课程资助项目(XYZL2014-13)
参考文献
[1] 钟其鹏.近三十年来本科毕业论文环节教学研究述评[J].钦州学院学报,2010(2):79-83.
篇7
毕业论文
一、机电一体化技术发展历程及其趋势
自电子技术一问世,电子技术与机械技术的结合就开始了,只是出现了半导体集成电路,尤其是出现了以微处理器为代表的大规模集成电路以后,"机电一体化"技术之后有了明显进展,引起了人们的广泛注意.
(一)"机电一体化"的发展历程
1.数控机床的问世,写下了"机电一体化"历史的第一页;
2.微电子技术为"机电一体化''''''''带来勃勃生机;
3.可编程序控制器、"电力电子"等的发展为"机电一体化"提供了坚强基础;
4.激光技术、模糊技术、信息技术等新技术使"机电一体化"跃上新台阶.(二)"机电一体化"发展趋势
1.光机电一体化.一般的机电一体化系统是由传感系统、能源系统、信息处理系统、机械结构等部件组成的.因此,引进光学技术,实现光学技术的先天优点是能有效地改进机电一体化系统的传感系统、能源(动力)系统和信息处理系统.光机电一体化是机电产品发展的重要趋势.
2.自律分配系统化——柔性化.未来的机电一体化产品,控制和执行系统有足够的“冗余度”,有较强的“柔性”,能较好地应付突发事件,被设计成“自律分配系统”。在自律分配系统中,各个子系统是相互独立工作的,子系统为总系统服务,同时具有本身的“自律性”,可根据不同的环境条件作出不同反应。其特点是子系统可产生本身的信息并附加所给信息,在总的前提下,具体“行动”是可以改变的。这样,既明显地增加了系统的适应能力(柔性),又不因某一子系统的故障而影响整个系统。
3.全息系统化——智能化。今后的机电一体化产品“全息”特征越来越明显,智能化水平越来越高。这主要收益于模糊技术、信息技术(尤其是软件及芯片技术)的发展。除此之外,其系统的层次结构,也变简单的“从上到下”的形势而为复杂的、有较多冗余度的双向联系。
4.“生物一软件”化—仿生物系统化。今后的机电一体化装置对信息的依赖性很大,并且往往在结构上是处于“静态”时不稳定,但在动态(工作)时却是稳定的。这有点类似于活的生物:当控制系统(大脑)停止工作时,生物便“死亡”,而当控制系统(大脑)工作时,生物就很有活力。仿生学研究领域中已发现的一些生物体优良的机构可为机电一体化产品提供新型机体,但如何使这些新型机体具有活的“生命”还有待于深入研究。这一研究领域称为“生物——软件”或“生物系统”,而生物的特点是硬件(肌体)——软件(大脑)一体,不可分割。看来,机电一体化产品虽然有向生物系统化发展趋,但有一段漫长的道路要走。
5.微型机电化——微型化。目前,利用半导体器件制造过程中的蚀刻技术,在实验室中已制造出亚微米级的机械元件。当将这一成果用于实际产品时,就没有必要区分机械部分和控制器了。届时机械和电子完全可以“融合”,机体、执行机构、传感器、cpu等可集成在一起,体积很小,并组成一种自律元件。这种微型机械学是机电一体化的重要发展方向。
三、典型的机电一体化产品
机电一体化产品分系统(整机)和基础元、部件两大类。典型的机电一体化系统有:数控机床、机器人、汽车电子化产品、智能化仪器仪表、电子排版印刷系统、cad/cam系统等。典型的机电一体化元、部件有:电力电子器件及装置、可编程序控制器、模糊控制器、微型电机、传感器、专用集成电路、伺服机构等。这些典型的机电一体化产品的技术现状、发展趋势、市场前景分析从略。
四、北京发展“机电一体化”而临的形势和任务
机电一体化工作主要包括两个层次:一是用微电子技术改造传统产业,其目的是节能、节材,提高工效,提高产品质量,把传统工业的技术进步提高一步;二是开发自动化、数字化、智能化机电产品,促进产品的更新换代。
前者是面上的工作,普及工作;后者是提高工作,深层次工作。
(一)北京“机电一体化”工作面临的形势
1.北京用微电子技术改造传统工业的工作量大而广,有难度
(1)在700余家北京市属工业系统的企业中,有60%以上的企业用微电子技术改造机床设备、工业窑炉、风机电泵、生产过程的任务还未完成需要量的一半。
(2)北京工业系统还有2000余台机床设备亟需用微电子技术进行改造;在已改造的近6500台机床设备中,大约有15%需进一步改造。
(3)北京工业系统尚有近250座工业炉窑亟需用电子信息技术进行改造;且610座已改造过的工业炉窑也很有进一步应用模糊技术进行二次改造的必要。
(4)北京工业系统cad应用还有较大差距。目前,北京工业品设计,cad应用率仅17%(而美、日等国已超过85%;国内先进地区也超过了30%);cad的覆盖率才达到11%(而全国cad应用工程领导小组指出,“八五”期间大中型企业要达到35%,中小型骨干企业要达到15%—20%;到“九五”时,按国务委员宋健的要求,基本上要甩掉绘图板)。
(5)北京工业系统共有改造价值的各种风机电泵装机容量50万千瓦,尚49万多千瓦用变调速技术进行改造的任务,占总任务量的99.5%左右。
(6)工业是全市能源消耗大户。1992年,北京工业系统占全市能耗总量的59.5%。而北京是一个能源严重缺乏的城市,1992年北京工业系统万元产值能耗折合标煤为2.47吨,比上海的1.57吨高57%,比天津的2.15吨高14%,比先进的工业化国家高近9倍。因此,北京工业系统节能降耗的任务非常重,而电力电子技术是节能降耗的王牌。
2.北京用机电一体化技术加速产品更新换代,提高市场占有率的呼声高,有压力。北京市的工业产品大约有3万种,每年约开发试制新产品3000种,更新周期很长。由于更新换代速度跟不上市场变化的需要,影响了北京工业产品的竞争能力。
1993年,北京市工业系统生产的机电一体化产品约837种,在当年生产的产品品种总数中仅占7.8%左右。其中:机械局系统主要产品约1200种,机电一体化产品不到150种机电一体化产品所占比例仅4%强;仪器仪表总公司系统主要产品350种,机电一体化产品210种,机电一体化产品所占比例为60%;轻工系统主要产品总数为649种,机电一体化、智能化产品15种,机电一体化、智能化产品所占比例约2.3%;汽车工业总公司系统平均每辆汽车的总成本为3.5万元,每辆汽车平均装用电子产品的费用约300元,不是总成本的1%;与国外约28%的先进水平相差甚远;与国内先进水平相差一半左右。
3.北京用机电一体化产品取代技术含量和附加值低,耗能、耗水、耗材高,污染、扰民产品的责任重,有意义。在北京工业系统中,能耗、耗水大户,对环境污染严重的企业还占相当大的比重,且不少地处城区和近郊区。近年来北京的工业结构、产品结构虽然几经调整,但由于多种原因,成效一直不够明显。这里面固然有上级领导部门的政出多门问题,有企业的“故土难离”“死守故业”问题,但不可否认也有优化不出理想的产业,优选不出中意的产品问题。上佳的答案早就摆在了这些企业的面前,这就是发展机电一体化,开发和生产有关的机电一体化产品。机电一体化产品功能强、性能好、质量高、成本低,且具有柔性,可根据市场需要和用户反映时产品结构和生产过程做必要的调整、改革,而无须改换设备。这是解决机电产品多品种、少批量生产的重要出路。同时,可为传统的机械工业注入新鲜血液,带来新的活力,把机械生产从繁重的体力劳动中解脱出来,实现文明生产。
另外,从市场需求的角度看,由于我国研制、开发机电一体化产品的历史不长,差距较大,许多产品的品种、数量、档次、质量都不能满足需求,每年进口量都比较大,因此亟需发展。
(二)北京“机电一体化”工作的任务
北京在机电一体化方面的任务可以概括为两句话:一句话是广泛深入地用机电一体化技术改造传统产业;另一句话是大张旗鼓地开发机电一体化产品,促进机电产品的更新换代。总的目的是促进机电一体产业的形成、为北京产业结构和产品结构调整作贡献。
1.北京应用机电一体化技术改造传统产业的工作重点
(1)大力采用模糊技术,工业炉窑改造应上新台阶
国内外成功的范例表明,应用模糊技术改造工业炉窑比单纯用计算机和pid技术好的多。因此,我们建议今后北京在改造工业炉窑时要大力推广应用模糊技术,到2000年,对应该进行改造但尚未改造的近250座工业炉窑要用模糊技术等先进电子信息技术改造完毕,其中采用模糊技术改造要在80%。
(2)积极采用数控技术,机床高备改造要达新水平
对机床设备的改造重点应放在经济型数控系统的推广应用上。根据需要和可能,到1995年,北京应该改造的机床设备(8420台)的改造率要达80%以上,到本世纪末要改造完毕。
(3)努力推广变频调速技术,风机电泵改造要攀新高度
风机、电泵采用变频调速后一般可节电20%以上,效果十分显著。因此,在今后几乎,北京要把交流变频调速技术的推广应用作为重点来抓。到1995年,应该采用变频调速技术改造的风机、电泵要改造完60%;到本世纪末,北京的风机、电泵和其它调速电机要普遍;采用先进的变频调速技术。
(4)优先应用cad/cam技术,工业设计水平提高要有新目标
北京工业产品更新换代慢,设计工作跟不上需求变化是重要原因之一。目前,北京工业系统cad的应用率为17%,cad的覆盖率为11%,到1995年应分别达到20%和15%,本世纪末,要力争分别达到55%和45%。
2.北京机电一体化产品开发的奋斗目标
(1)总体目标:到1995年全市的机电一体化产品数应不少于800种,2000年,应不少于2000种,机电产品的机电一体化率分别达到25%和60%。
(2)单项目标:
·机床数控化率:1995年,产量数控化率达5%,产值数控化率达16%;2000年,分别达12%和40%。
·汽车电子化程度:1995年,平均每辆汽车上装用和电子产品的费用不少于1000元,在整车成本中所占比例不低于3%;到2000年分别不少于3000元,不低于8%。
·plc的开发生产能力:“八五”期间,开发能力要稳居全国首位;“九五”北京要成为全国主要的plc生产基地之一。
·“电力电子”开发生产能力:“八五”期间掌握第二代电力电子器件的批量生产技术和第三代电力电子器件的开发技术。“九五”期间第三代电力电子器件的生产要形成经济批量。在电力电子产品应用方面,“八五”期间,开关电源、高频电源、逆变电源要成为拳头产品;交流变频调速装置要达到批量生产程度;高频电子镇流器要能出口创汇;“九五”,北京要形成一个具有电力电子器件、电力电子装置研制、生产、开发、推广综合配套能力的高新技术产业。
·模糊控制器的开发生产能力:“八五”要把北京建成全国模糊技术控制器的开发生产基地,开发出用于工业炉窑改造,压力、温度、流量控制的模糊技术控制系统典型产品来;交逐步将模糊技术应用于家用电器中。1995年,空调器、洗衣机、电冰箱、吸尘器、电风扇等家用电器产品模糊控制器的普及率要分别达到15、20%、5%、15%、8%左右。到本世纪末,北京家用电器模糊技术普及率要达到50%以上。
·其它机电一体化产品的开发生产能力:微机控制多色印刷机要稳居全国第一;电子医疗仪器的开发、生产争取在“八五”有较大突破,“九五”在品种和产量上全国领先;在“八五”期间,以30万千瓦汽轮发电机组为代表的发电设备要形成综合配套能力,打出规模效益来;数字化、智能化仪器仪表,自动化装置要上品种、上批量……
总之,机电一体化技术既是振兴传统机电工业的新鲜血液和源动力,又是开启北京机电行业产品结构、产业结构调整大门的钥匙。如果北京完成好上面所建议的“机电一体化”发展两方面的目标,那么,到本世纪末,北京就会形成一个销售额超过200亿元的机电一体化产业。其中,数控机床、机电一体化印刷系统、新型电子医疗设备和数字化智能化仪器仪表等机电一体化装备销售额可超过150亿元;“电力电子”的销售额可超过20亿元;plc模糊控制器等销售额可超过15亿元;汽车电子化、自动化智能化轻工民用电器产品销售额可超过25亿元。机电一体化产业不仅是北京高新技术产业的主力军,也是机电行业停工、待产、明亏、潜亏企业的出路所在。
五、北京发展“机电一体化”的对策
(一)加强统筹安排,协调发展计划
目前,北京地区从事“机电一体化”研究开发及生产的单位很多。各自都有一套发展策略和计是。同时,市政府各有关委、办、局(总公司)也有不少相应的发展计划与规划。各单位的计划由于受各自立足点、着眼点的限制,难免只考虑局部利益,市政府各主管部门的有关计划和规划,也有统一考虑不足,统筹安排不够的问题,全市缺少综观全局的有权威性的发展计划和战略规划。因此,建议市政府责成有关机构在进行深入调查研究、科学分析的基础上,制定出北京统管全局的“机电一体化”研究、开发、生产计划和规划,避免开发上重复,生产上撞车!
(二)强化行业管理,发挥“协会”作用
目前,北京“机电一体化”较热,而按目前的行业划分方法和管理体制,“政出多门”是难哆的。因此,北京有必要明确一个“机电一体化”行业的统管机构,根据目前国家政治体制改革和经济体制改革的精神,以及机电一体化行业特点,我们建议,尽快加强北京机电一体化协会的建设,赋予其行业管理职能。
“协会”要进一步扩大领导机构——理事会的代表层面和复盖面,要加强办公室、秘书处的建设;要通过其精明干练的办事机构、经济实体,组织“行业”发展计划、战略规划的拟制;指导行业布点布局的调整,进行发展突破口的选择,抓好重点工程的试点和有关项目的发标、招标工作……
(三)优化发展环境、增大支持力度
优化发展环境指通过宣传群众,造成一种社会上下、企业内外都重视、支持“机电一体化”发展的氛围,如尽快为外商到北京投资发展“机电一体化”产业提供方便;尽可能为兴办开发、生产机电一体化产品的高新技术企业开绿灯;尽力为开发、生产机电一体化产品调配好资源要素等。
增大支持力度,在技术政策上,要严格限制耗电、耗水、耗材高的传统产品的发展,对未采用机电一体化技术落后产品限制强制淘汰;大力提倡用机电一体化技术对传统产业进行改造,对有关机电一体化技术对传统产业乾地改造,对有关技术开发、应用项目优先立项、优先支持,对在技术开发、应用中做出贡献的单位领导、科技人员进行表彰奖励等。
在经济政策上,要多给机电一体化科研攻关课题、开发应用项目利用科技专项基金和科技三项费用的机会;银行发设贷款要多向机电一体化技术改进、生产合资和机电一体化产业规模化建设项目上倾斜;成立“机电一体化”发展基金,支持机电一体化生产发展等。
(四)突出发展重点,兼顾“两个层次”
机电一体化产业复盖面非常广,而我们的财力、人力和物力是有限的,因此我们在抓机电一体化产业发展时不能面面俱到、平铺直叙,而应分清主次,大胆取舍,有所为,有所不为。要注意抓两个层次上的工作。第一个层次是“面上”的工作,即用电子信息技术对传统产业进行改造,在传统的机电设备上植入或嫁接上微电子(计算机)装置,使“机械”和“电子”技术在浅层次上结合。第二个层次是“提高”工作,即在新产品设计之初,就把“机械”与“电子”统一起来进行考虑,使“机械”与“电子”密不可分,深度结合,生产出来的新产品起码正做到机电一体化。
我们认为,北京“机电一体化”发展,当务之急,重中之重是:
抓紧开发生产gto、gtr、vdmos等新型电力电子器件及其应用装置——交流变频调速器、逆变焊机、高频电子镇流器等,用电力电子技术进行的节能、节材为主要目的的技术改造;
抓紧推广应用经济型数控系统,改造机床设备;开发生产低、中档数控系统;
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(学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中)
【Abstract】Thispapercentersonthedifferentexpressionsof……(英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“TimesNew
Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times
NewRoman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。)
【KeyWords】idiom;comparison;English;Chinese
(英文关键词:题目采用五号“TimesNew
Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“TimesNewRoman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。)
1.Introduction
(顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行)
InbothEnglishandChinese,….So,thisessayistryingto
focusonthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishidomsinterms
oftheiressentialmeaning,customaryusageandtypicalexpression
(ChangLiang,1993:44;LiGuangling,1999).
(段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法:出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法;另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前)
2.ThesimilaritiesbetweenEnglishidiomsandChineseidioms
InEnglish,….Anditcanbeclearlyseeninthebelowexamples:
(1)Idon’tknow。我不知道。(2)Iamnotapoet.我不是诗人。(正文中的例子以(1),(2)…为序号排列,直至最后一个例子;而①,②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)
3.ThedifferencesbetweenEnglishidiomsandChineseidioms
3.1ThecharacteristicsofEnglishidioms
(正文章节序号编制:章的编号:1.,2.,3.,…;节的编号:1.1,1.2…,2.1,2.2…;小节的编号为:1.1.1,
1.1.2…。小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号,如(a),
(b),…;每章题目左顶格,小四号字,加粗;每节(及小节以下)题目左顶格,小四号字,不加粗但要斜体;所有章节的题目都单独一行,最后不加任何标点符号)
….
Inconclusion,….
3.2ThecharacteristicsofChineseidioms
….
Feng(1998)foundsomeproblemsasshowninthefollowing
examples(注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):
(9)Weneverknowtheworthofwatertillthewellisdry.
(10)Peopletakenothoughtofthevalueoftimeuntiltheylose
it.
….
3.2.1TheanalysisofthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese
idioms
…(i)….
….
(ii)….
….
4.Conclusion
….
Bibliography(References)(小四号,加粗,后面不加任何标点符号)Sanved,ed.TheOxfordbookofAmericanliteraryanecdotes[C].New
篇9
市场营销论文2000字(一):基于学生职业能力培养目标的市场营销教学探微论文
摘要基于學生职业能力培养目标在市场营销教学模式改革的意义,本文将会对市场营销教学模式进行创新研究,使得能够在加强培养学生职业能力的力度时,达到学生市场发展适应程度的增强,以此来实现对市场营销专业学生综合能力的培养。
关键词职业能力市场营销目标培养
中图分类号:G642文献标识码:A
教育是对各领域人才进行培养的一大重要工程。在现如今这个迅速发展的时代,消费者的需求也在不断的变化,而在这样的变化当中,最需要的就是综合素质较强的营销人才。基于此,各个高校在对市场营销专业学生进行培养时,就要以现代经济环境为依据,以市场营销专业的实践性和应用性等特点为前提,对市场营销专业教学模式进行创新,使得课堂教学能够在与市场需求的变革相适应的情况下,实现市场营销专业学生对市场发展了解程度的加强,从而达到学生专业知识和职业技能的高效提升。
1基于学生职业能力培养目标的市场营销教学模式改革的意义
市场营销专业实际上是外来专业,其在我国高等教育学科专业领域的时间并不如其他专业时间那样长,以致在实际的市场营销专业学科体系建构中存在着较多的问题。而随着我国市场经济和贸易的不断发展,我国对市场营销专业人才的需求和要求也在不断的提高。因而在这样的情况下,就需要高校市场营销专业教师能够以学生的职业能力为培养目标,科学合理的改革其教学模式,使得能够在将专业人才的培养效益进行提高的情况下,对市场需求进行相应的满足,从而在实现教育在社会功能方面作用的发挥时,达到市场营销专业人才可持续发展的目的。当然,要想保证市场营销专业人才的可持续发展,就需要对学生的持续学习能力提供相关保障。基于此,市场营销专业教师在培养学生时,就要对营销人才在市场动态的分析和掌握方面给予重视,并在教学过程中,有意识的培养学生的相关经验和市场分析能力。使得能够在实现可持续职业发展能力营销人才这一培养目标时,达到营销人才对市场发展的有效适应
2基于学生职业能力培养目标的市场营销教学策略
2.1在市场营销教学中进行体验式教学
体验式教学是一种让学生以自我为中心,对自己所需的专业知识进行主动学习,并对学生在学习中所进行的体验给予重视的教学方式。这种教学方式可以让学生模拟出市场的真实情景,并在以不同情景的模拟为依据的情况下,设定出相应的任务角色,使得能够在由学生进行角色扮演时,实现学生对营销活动中存在的问题的有效处理。如此就不仅可以将真实的市场环境为学生模拟出来,还能够帮助学生在体验过程中,理论知识运用能力的提高,从而在加强学生对营销知识技能的掌握时,实现对学生职业能力的培养。
2.2在实际教学中改进现代化教学手段
随着现如今互联网时代的到来,各种课程教学也已经实现了线上和线下的结合。在这种结合当中,市场营销专业的教学也应用进了多种的现代化教学技术,像ERP的沙盘模拟、MOOC平台的优质教学视频、理财电子对抗实训室的运用以及营销类电子软件的教学应用等等,这些都是现代互联网技术的教学手段。在这样的教学手段当中,市场营销专业的实践性特点和作用就被充分的发挥了出来,其不仅能够对专业课程中教学案例的选取起着决定性作用,还能够在互联网技术和教学课堂中实现对各种最新信息的有效传递。基于此,就需要市场营销专业教师能够通过对市场营销现代化教学手段的改进,加强对学生专业知识技能的讲解,从而能够在提高学生专业知识的掌握能力时,实现市场营销专业教学效率以及学生相关职业能力的提升。
2.3在课堂教学中促进教学案例的更新
在市场营销教学当中,教师应该将学生掌握的理论知识向相关技能进行转变,而在这样的转变过程中,需要教师进行相应的案例教学。在市场营销教学中,案例教学就是不可缺少的课堂实践环节,这个环节可以实现对学生理论知识运用能力和分析能力的培养。基于此,教师在选择案例时,应当将具备新颖性和实用性的案例选取出来,这样就可以激发学生对案例学习的兴趣。如果说教师在对案例进行选取时,选择的是最近发生的案例,那么学生在对其进行体验和感受的同时就会增加自己当事人的代入感,进而也就可以实现案例分析教学情境性的增强。同时,教师在选择了案例之后,还要对案例的分析和讲解给予充足的重视。在讲解案例时,教师应该引导每一位学生进行积极发言,并对学生不同的思考角度给予鼓励,使得能够在拓展学生思维方式和思维空间的同时,促进学生思维能力的提高。而当学生分析完成之后,教师就需要对学生进行启发和分析,并对自身观点的相关信息进行整理,然后在总结归纳对案例分析的讲解时,促进学生对理论知识和实践技能的有效结合。通过这样一系列的方式,就能够在培养学生思维能力的情况下,实现学生的可持续发展,从而达到学生综合能力的提升。
3结语
总之,高校的市场营销专业教师在对学生进行教学时,需要将对学生职业能力的培养作为教学目标,然后在以市场发展需求为基础的情况下,培养学生的市场适应能力。如此方能在提高学生职业能力的同时,实现学生在市场营销方面的可持续发展。
市场营销毕业论文范文模板(二):大数据环境下的市场营销方式改革发展新方向论文
【摘要】随着互联网技术的高速发展,人们越来越关注市场的变化,大数据逐渐渗透到各行各业,为企业的发展注入了新的活力,管理人员也应及时关注市场的变化,收集数据、分析数据,并且为企业找准未来的发展方向,尽可能避免发展过程中可能会遇到的风险,从而促进创新性发展。
【关键词】大数据市场营销改革发展
前言
近年来,大数据发展势头迅猛,市场营销方式也发生了极大变革,通过大数据分析各行各业的变化,为企业发展精确定位客户群,从而有效的提升企业的经济效益,大数据在市场营销中的作用也将持续扩大,利用有价值的信息做出科学的决策,推动企业的发展。
1.大数据的特点和价值
大数据在市场营销方式改革中发挥着重大作用,有效的推动企业经济的发展。大数据具有信息量大,数据信息全面等特点,并且能够减少极端数据对企业的影响,确保所得到的信息的高效准确,同时采取计算机记录信息的方式,能够有效的避免人工收集信息的麻烦,提升数据的准确性,分析市场需求、了解市场的情况,及时预测市场的发展趋势,从而为企业市场营销方式的变革提供了借鉴,对于市场营销的定位更加准确和高效,有力的促进了经济的增长。
2.大数据时代市场营销面临的挑战
2.1数据的真实性难以保障。大数据背景下,信息的数量和种类众多,并且难以区分真实性,企业想要获得准确真实的信息更是比较困难,大数据虽然具有海量收集数据的特点,但也无法通过分析抽样数据的方式,得到当前环境下的预测信息,从而导致未能对客户进行更加详细准确的定位,制定的营销方式不科学,增加了经营风险。[1]
2.2成本增加。大数据系统本身的成本就比较高,并且企业还要招聘专业的人员来负责这一领域,增加了人力成本,引入各类专业技术,对数据进行分析和管理,才能够保持大数据系统的运营,因此增加了企业的成本支出。
2.3数据的安全性降低。在信息时代,大数据信息的传输主要依靠互联网,因此数据的安全性得不到根本的保障,很多企业也因为缺乏足够的经验而使自身的发展受到威胁,同时计算机设备与信息技术在发展的过程中很容易遭受黑客袭击,造成重要信息泄露,影响了市场营销数据信息的安全性,不利于市场营销数据的分析。
3.大数据对市场营销方式变革的影响
3.1产品策略。我国目前经济发展较为稳定,人们的经济水平提升,对于产品的质量也有了更高的要求,并且逐渐向产品创新靠拢,个性化的产品与服务已经成为了经济发展的重要部分,市场影响的方式也发生了变革,通过大数据来开展个性化的营销,掌握消费者的购物习惯和消费喜爱,了解目前市场消费的趋势,从而帮助商品营销者更好地规划营销计划,最终制定出顺应市场发展的产品策略,促进产品的销售和经济的增长。[2]
3.2渠道策略。随着网络的普及,市场营销的方式也逐渐发生了变化,从过去的线下营销为主转变为线上营销为主,通过使用大数据来分析消费者线上的消费习惯和购买力,了解消费者的潜在需求,从而帮助市场营销人员制定出专业化的营销策略,不断扩展营销渠道,对于线上的产品进行详细的分析,准确定位,从而帮助企业制定出更加优质的线上营销管理模式,在大数据时代下,明确自身的发展定位,从而有针对性的投放广告,实现产品的广泛营销,增加曝光度,也提高产品的变现能力,为企业的稳定发展奠定基础。[3]
4.大数据时代下市场营销新思路
4.1挖掘潜在客户。利用大数据挖掘出潜在的客户,帮助企业在激烈的市场竞争力占有一席之地,因此,除了提供良好的服务之外,潜在客户的挖掘也是十分重要的。企业应利用好大数据这一手段,挖掘潜在的客户群体,拓宽自身的市场,从而增加企业利润;[4]还应利用大数据对各种媒体、软件进行分析,与拥有稳定用户的APP建立合作,为企业做营销,也可以自主筛选潜在的客户,为客户推送与其相关的内容,从而使企业的发展更加迅速有力。
4.2开展精准营销。近年来,市场竞争日趋激烈,如果没有稳定的客户群体或者是自身过硬的软实力,都会快速被市场所淘汰,因此,企业必须了解客户的喜好与需求,这样才能将自己合适的产品推广给客户,同时还应为客户建立消费档案,对于不同年龄层和不同职业的客户做出详细的规划,使用大数据,将大量的客户信息进行精准的分析,对客户进行科学、合理的定位,从而有助于为客户提供更加专业化的服务,实现精准营销;[5]通过大数据分析客户所浏览的网页,所购买商品的数量和种类,从而精准掌握客户的消费习惯与消费偏好,也帮助设计者设计出客户更加乐意购买的产品,有助于个性化定制服务的开展,从而赢得客户信任,提升客户满意度,使精准营销的作用得到充分的发挥。
4.3产品交叉销售。通过开展产品交叉销售,能够进一步掌握消费者的潜在消费需求,加之通过大数据掌握的消费者的消费习惯,消费行为更信息,对这些数据进行综合性的分析与考量,可以为消费者提供更加专业的商品组合,使消费者增加消费需求,了解消费者的消费兴趣,也有助于营销人员制定出最佳的商品营销方案,改善商品营销管理模式,從而有助于实现商品的交叉销售,提升消费者满意度,也增加企业的经济利润,通过目前的发展情况来看,这一营销方式取得了不错的效果,在日后的发展中只要坚持下去,就能够扩展发展空间,取得更大的经济效益。
篇10
关键词:信守内容意旨;遵从译语习惯;切合语体语域
Abstract:Transmigration,anabstractwholeatlarge,istoogoodtobepracticalandsuchconcretesubwholesunder“goodtranslation”asfidelitytothesource-languagetextincontentandintention,grammaticalnormality,andlexicalappropriatenessaremoreworkableascardinalprinciplesoftranslation.
Keywords:fidelity;grammaticalnormality;lexicalappropriateness
翻译是把一种语言文字所表达的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来,具体说来,就是“换易言语使相解也”。①但是,如何用另一种语言文字把一种语言文字所表达的意义表达出来?“换易言语”之后是否能“相解”?“相解”的程度如何?这些问题归结起来无疑就是:翻译的标准是什么?翻译的方法应如何?
严复是中国近代第一位系统介绍西方学术的启蒙思想家,在介绍西学的同时提出了翻译的标准—“信、达、雅”,对中国现代的翻译实践和理论研究影响巨大,“相信只要中国还有翻译,总还会有人念‘三字经’!”②
虽然严复持论有故,但认真审视不难发现,“信、达、雅”实质上既不是具有高度概括力的抽象标准,也不是具有切实指导性的具体标准,“从纯理论的角度讲,把信、达、雅并列起来作为翻译标准是具有逻辑缺陷的,因为这似乎意味着:原文不达,也可以故意使之‘达’;原文不雅,也可以故意使之‘雅’。那么,这样和‘信’字,岂不自相矛盾?”③
《论语·雍也》说“质胜文则野,文胜质则史”,意谓朴实的内容多于文采就未免粗野,文采多于朴实的内容又未免虚浮。孔子提倡“文质彬彬”,反对浮华的辞藻,所以说“辞达而已矣”—言辞足以达意就可以了。《尔雅》序题下疏说:“尔,近也;雅,正也。言可近而取正也。”《论语·述而》说“子所雅言,《诗》、《书》、执礼,皆雅言也”,其中的“雅言”是指区别于各地方言的“诸夏的话”—标准语,相当于现在所说的“普通话”。但是,严复的“雅”指的不是“利俗文字”—大众的语言,而是“汉以前字法句法”。为了掩盖“达”的矛盾,严复在“畅达”(如“顾信矣不达,虽译犹不译也,则达尚焉”)和“表达”(如“题曰达旨,不云笔译”)之间周旋,取便发挥,借“辞达而已”求“信”—“为达即所以为信也”,借“言之无文,行之不远”求“雅”—“信达之外,求其尔雅”。不难看出,严复的逻辑是:要“信”则必须“达”,要“达”则必须“雅”,换言之,“雅”是“达”的条件,“达”是“信”的条件,“为达”最终成了“求雅”的借口:“用汉以前字法句法,则为达易;用利俗文字则求达难。”
与“并世译才”的林纾相比,严复所译的书总共不过八九种,而在其所译的这八九种书中,只有《群学肄言》、《原富》、《群己权界论》和《社会通诠》四种“略近直译,少可讥议”,④此前“题曰达旨,不云笔译,取便发挥,实非正法”,⑤此后“中间义忄旨,则承用原书;而所引喻设譬,则多用己意更易。盖吾之为书,取足喻人而已,谨合原文与否,所不论也”。⑥严复虽然提出“信、达、雅”,但他本人并未完全履行。
严复是在译介西学的时候提出“信、达、雅”的,因此“信、达、雅”作为翻译的标准完备与否,必须结合当时特定的历史背景来审视,不能简而单之地就事论事,从而忽视严复“辛苦辶多译之本心”。
严复“窃以谓文辞者,载理想之羽翼”。⑦于是,从“达”来看,洋务派和传教士翻译的书“不合师授次第”,“不合政学纲要”,有悖“中学为体,西学为用”的目的,因而“非命脉之所在”。相比之下,“新西学”的命脉之所在则是“维新”,即运用进化论、天赋人权来反对天命论、君权神授论,用自然科学、机械唯物论来论证无神论,从而“开民智,强国基”。正是“于自强保种之事”,严复才“反复三致意焉”。从根本上说,严复的“辛苦辶多译之本心”是“取便发挥”,其所谓“达旨”是“旨”在“达”资产阶级民主主义理论的“民权平等之说”、“资本主义上升时期的自由主义与功利主义学说和自然科学及其方法论。
从“雅“来看,严复以“雅言”来“达旨”是“夫固有所不得已也”,因为当时的白话远未成熟,饱读先秦诗书,受古文的熏陶而成积习,摇头晃脑地读起古书来连平仄也都留心的老夫子大抵不常接触“利俗文字”,对“利俗文字”的运用不像对古文的运用得心应手,但又要翻译,不得已就只能在“利俗文字”和“古文”之中择取后者了,不仅翻译的时候,甚至在日常写作中,大概也会觉得用“用汉以前字法句法,则为达易”。更重要的是,作为复古的维新改良派,严复的翻译所针对的读者是操“雅言”的士大夫阶层,为了使他们能够看自己所译的书,最好的办法莫过于先用“雅言”来吸引他们,借“雅”以破启锢闭,从而使顽固保守的士大夫阶层乐于接受西方学理,正如严复在其《与梁任公论所译〈原富〉书》中所言:“吾译正以待多读中国古书之人”,“若徒为近俗之辞,以便市井乡僻之学,此于文界,乃所谓凌迟,非革命也。”一语道破天机!严复的“雅”诚可谓用心良苦:从表达形式入手,使士大夫们认为“足与周秦诸子相上下”而最终“倾倒”。当然,严复毕竟是带有复古思想的维新改良主义者,后来又沦为保守派,不懂得“利俗文字”是历史的必然,更不懂得“利俗大众”是历史的推动者。
单纯从翻译标准的角度审视,“若是全盘而真实地‘信’了,把原作的思想感情,意思之最微妙的地方,连它的文字的风格、神韵都传达了出来,则不但‘顺’没有问题,就是所谓‘雅’(如果原作是‘雅’的话)也没有问题。‘信’、‘达’(顺)、‘雅’三字,实在作到一个‘信’就都有了。”⑧从这个意义上说,严复的“信、达、雅”在逻辑上确实“先天不足”。
早在光绪二十年(1894年),马建忠(1845-1900)就在其《拟设翻译书院议》中对翻译进行了深入的探讨,提出了“善译”的标准:
夫译之为事难矣,译之将奈何?其平日冥心钩考,必先将所译者与所以译者两国之文字深嗜笃好,字栉句比,以考彼此文字孳生之源,同异之故,所有相当之实义,委曲推究,务审其音声之高下,析其字句之繁简,尽其文体之变态,及其义理粗深奥折之所由然。夫如是,则一书到手,经营反复,确知其意旨之所在,而又摹写其神情,仿佛其语气,然后心悟神解,振笔而书,译成之文,适如其所译而止,而曾无毫发出入于其间,夫而后能使阅者所得之益,与观原文无异,是则为善译也已……。
在这段文字中,马建忠不仅指出了“善译”的条件—自如驾驭“所译者与所以译者两国之文字”的能力,而且指明了“善译”的过程—“一书到手,经营反复,确知其意旨之所在,而又摹写其神情,仿佛其语气”。对原文能够达到“心悟神解”的程度,翻译起来就自然能够“振笔而书”,“译成之文”就自然能够成为“善译”了—“无毫发出入于其间,夫而后能使阅者所得之益,与观原文无异。”
马建忠的“善译”,一言以蔽之,即是“信”—从内容意旨到风格效果无所不信,较诸严复的“信、达、雅”则更具高度抽象的概括力,使“直译”、“意译”和“信、达、雅”在“无毫发出入于其间……与观原文无异”中得到了统一。如果说“直译”是为了“信”而“意译”是为了“达”的话,那么,既然译者已经“确知其意旨之所在,而又摹写其神情,仿佛其语气”,并达到了“心悟神解”的程度,“信”自然就不会成为问题;既然译者已经“考彼此文孳生之源,同异之故,所有相当之实义,委曲推究”,又“审其音声之高下,析起其字句之繁简,尽其文体之变态,及其义理精深奥折之所由然”,则“达”自然也不会成为问题。同时,以译者能够“摹写其神情,仿佛其语气”为前提,原文“雅”,“译成之文”则定然不会“俗”,反之,原文“俗”,“译成之文”也定然不会“雅”。
马建忠的“善译”无疑就是翻译的最高境界,无论是奈达的“等效”,还是傅雷的“神似”,抑或钱钟书的“化境”,均未跳出“善译”的圈子。然而,在实际翻译活动中如果采用“善译”—或者“等效”、“神似”、“化境”—作为标准去衡量译文,可以断言,没有任何译文能够“达标”,因为“彻底和全部的‘化’是不可实现的理想”⑨。虽然高标准是为了严要求,但是既然“法乎其上”最终也只是“仅得其中”,那么与其取法“不可实现的理想”毋宁提出切实具体的要求作为翻译的基本原则:1)信守原文的内容意旨;2)遵从译语的语言习惯;3)切合原文的语体语域。
有人偏重“精心的再创造”,视翻译为艺术;有人偏重“一定的客观规律”,视翻译为科学。但是,不管视为艺术,还是视为科学,翻译的根本任务即在于“传真”,译者不能充当“说谎的媒婆”,⑩否则就会怨偶无数。翻译无非是用新瓶子装旧酒,虽然瓶子—语言文字类型—换了,但是酒—内容风格效果—却不能变。
翻译必须“忠实”,这是共识。但是,“忠实”什么?“忠实”的应该是原文的内容意旨和风格效果,而不是原文的语言表达形态。如果斤斤于原文的语言表达形态,译文无疑就会“异彩纷呈”,因“隔阂”而不“合格”。译文的语言表达如果连“贯通”都做不到,读者还怎么去“融会”?结果又怎么可能“与观原文无异”?语言文字类型不同,语言表达习惯也就大不相同。
吴岩出其《从所谓“翻译体”说起》中针对操汉语的译者将外语译成汉语的情况一针见血地指出了“翻译体”的实质:一些译者“一条腿走路”,“未能辩证地对待两种语言文字”,译文“是外国化了的中文”,未能“忠实地融会贯通地把原作翻译和表达出来”。叶圣陶称自己“不通一种外国语,常常看些翻译东西”,在《谈谈翻译》一文中坦言“正因为不通外国语,我才要读译本呢”,揭示出这样一个浅显的道理:“别人不懂外文,所以要请教你译;如果大家懂得,就不必劳驾了。”正是凭着“不通一种外国语”的“外行”眼光,叶圣陶才看到并指出了问题的实质。叶圣陶的核心思想是反对“死翻”。“死翻”,一言以蔽之,就是“用中国字写的外国话”。“各种语言的语言习惯都是相当稳定的”,“既然是两种语言,语法方面,修辞方面,选词造句方面,不同之处当然很多”,“同样一个意思,运用甲种语言该怎么样表达,运用乙种语言该怎么样表达”,不能“死翻”,即便“接受外来影响”,也“要以跟中国的语言习惯合得来为条件”。据叶圣陶想,“翻译家是精通两种语言的人,也就是能运用两种语言来思维,来表达的人”,反观之,“能运用两种语言来思维,来表达的人”才算是“精通两种语言的人”,“精通两种语言的人”才能成为“翻译家”。叶圣陶的意思是:“死翻”者自然成不了“翻译家”,之所以成不了“翻译家”,其根本原因就在于不精通两种语言,不能运用两种语言来思维、表达,而不精通两种语言,不能运用两种语言来思维、表达,最终结果就只能是“死翻”—“用中国字写的外国话”。
吴岩以“内行”的眼光审视“外国化了的中文”,站在“辩证地对待两种语言文字”的思想认识高度来批语“翻译体”,指出:“根据中国语言文字的特点,忠实地融会贯通地把原作翻译和表达出来”。叶圣陶以“外行”的眼光旁观“用中国字写的外国话”,立足于“精神两种语言”的基本条件来批评“死翻”,指出:“各种语言的语言习惯都是相当稳定的,咱们接受外来影响要以跟中国的语言习惯合得来为条件”。吴岩与叶圣陶二人看问题的角度不同,观点却完全一致:“根据中国语言文字的特点”并“跟中国的语言习惯合得来”。吴岩和叶圣陶所针对的是操汉语的译者将外语译成汉语的情况,主张译文要“根据中国语言文字的特点”,要“跟中国的语言习惯合得来”。若就“所译者”和“所以译者”而言,吴岩和叶圣陶的主张无非是:遵从译语的语言习惯!