听力教学论文范文
时间:2023-03-17 06:59:44
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篇1
[Key Word] listening; middle school; English teaching; barrier; teaching activity designing;
【摘 要】随着时代的发展和进步,英语作为一种国际通用语在贸易往来和文化交流过程中发挥着不可替代的作用。掌握好英语这种交际工具,对学生将来的发展有着深远的影响。现代语言教育理论高度重视“听”在语言学习和语言使用中的作用。听力教学既是一种语言教学,也是一种技能的培养。在听,说,读,写四项技能中,听是最基础的,最重要的技能。它不仅是获取语言信息的主要途径,还是提高其他技能的基础。许多中国学生认为听力能力的测试是所有测试中最难的部分。在本篇论文中,开篇介绍了现在中学听力教学的情况,指出当中存在的一些问题,针对课前的一些较短的时间设计了一些教学活动。然后集中介绍了听力教学活动的设计,强调听力教学活动应将目光集中在听力的过程上,而非其结果上。如何提高学生英语听力水平,使他们能取得好的成绩,成为广大初中教师所共同关注的问题。在英语教学中,教师如何进行听力教学,精心设计教学活动,如何掌握听力教学的各种技巧显得十分重要。
【关键词】听力;初中;英语教学;障碍;设计教学活动
1. Introduction
It is true that listening, speaking, reading, and writing are four basic skills in language teaching and learning. Developmentally, these skills are acquired in a certain sequence. Listening is essential for developing other skills and provides a basis for language learning. But it is also the most difficult of all the learning skills for learners to master. When listening, listeners follow the speaker, thinking about what the speaker is saying and what is going on in the mind of the speaker, guessing the speaker’s opinions and attitudes and catching the true meaning of the speaker’s words. Listening itself accounts for almost half of the commutative activities in one’s daily life. In addition, learners should have the knowledge of phonetics, vocabulary and grammar. Many learners are afraid of listening, looking on it as more difficult than any other skills and pay much attention to training their ability to speak, read and write. Improving listening ability is not in a short time, it is a long time work.
2. Background study
Listening is important in junior students’ English learning. A child first listens for a long time before he is able to speak, so listening plays the first and the most important role in learning a foreign language. Listening is an important means of language. “It is one of the important ways in English language communication. According to Rivers study indications, listening occupies 45% of the whole social interactions. From this, we can see that a good listening can help to improve students’ ability of language understanding. And some statistics show that nearly 50% students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult part among all kinds of examinations.” [1] ( p1-2) . We must admit that there is no short cut in our life, so as the English learning. It finds that the original initiative to learn listening is very important, which can lead the way to success.
Now have a look at our junior schools. What most teachers do in class is merely to play the recorder and check answers to listening exercises. So most students can hardly learn anything in class, and listening comprehension gives much headache. Hence, in teaching listening comprehension, it is very important for teachers to find the problems students have and suitable ways to solve the problems. English teaching and learning asks for quite some challenges. The challenges are the lack of adequate linguistic environment, the strong interference from their mother tongue, the overcrowded classrooms and the lack of sufficient time for English study on the students' side. And students are having quite a few subjects on hand and shouldering the great task of all-respect full development in schools. And, in many junior school, it is true that Chinese students are not so influent as those in Western countries mainly because they lack self-confidence and they are afraid of making mistakes .In addition, teachers are quite used to the old teaching method, which lays more emphasis on grammar. In order to make themselves understood by all the students, some teachers would explain the grammar rulers or even the texts in Chinese rather than in English in class. Thus, students get fewer opportunities to improve their listening skills.
3. What are the factors influencing the listening comprehension in Chinese middle school classrooms?
Listening is an important mean of language learning. It is one of the significant ways in English language communication. But so many students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult one among all kinds of examinations. Where are their barriers? How to train some tactics for them? That’s what I am going to talk about here.
3.1 The analysis of the reasons for students’ poor listening ability
3.1.1.About the teacher aspect
There is a shortage of English teachers in China. It is usually difficult for English teachers in China to go to English-speaking countries to study or work. Most of them don’t have the experience of going abroad. They have learned their English only in China. So we may say they have certain shortage.
3.1.2.The English environment
The English environment in China is different from other countries e.g. Canada. In China, English is a foreign language (EFL), not a second language (ESL). Both students and teachers are doing their jobs under this condition which is quite different from that such as in the US. For example, Chinese immigrant students in Canada can learn English more quickly than those in China. Why? Because in Canada, English is regarded as their second language. They enjoy a much better English environment as well as have English high motivations. This is what is needed in China. What those students in China need is this authentic language environment which isn’t easy to be created in China.
3.1.3. The learning aspect
Listening comprehension is the summation of hearing and understanding. If you have a better level about English knowledge, you may be capable of understanding very well in listening to the materials, and may have an excellent response to any questions asked by the speakers on the tapes.
(ⅰ)Barriers on Phonetics and Phonology
It is clear that “Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonetic medium of language, and Phonology studies how speech sounds system in a language form pattern.” [2] (p22) English, as a new language for Chinese students, usually appears some problems exactly on Phonetics and Phonology, such as the mistakes on pronunciation, intonation, and all kinds of skills like word stress, sentence stress, motion of sound, assimilation, sound---linking and incomplete explosion, etc. Therefore some basic knowledge about English Phonetics and Phonology will directly influence students’ listening comprehension. So designing activities must be aimed at point. So designing some interesting game is to let students discriminate the different pronunciation. The key point is guiding students to find the difference themselves. For example, most Chinese students find the discrimination of some sounds is a problem in listening comprehension, especially, some vowels. E.g., they can hardly distinguish the words like “sit—sea” and “bed--bad”. In a sentence like “He saw a thief steal into the palace”, steal /sti:l/ is very important in understanding the sentence, but some students just recognize it as still/stil/.
(ⅱ) Barriers on tempo
Tempo means the speed of speaking. It can be controlled by an actor who is good at tongue twisters. Some people enjoy more variation in tempo than others, but everyone has a norm which in characteristic of his usual conversational style. One who tends to use a rapid tempo in everyday speech in English, but Chinese students usually don’t have such a tempo in listening. Although sometimes they can speak very fast, they may not catch up with the materials on normal tempo while they’re listening to a tape, especially to a longer conversation or a passage, that’s their problems. Because they only used to listen to teachers who always read under the average speed in daily life, or used to slow conversations with their partners while practicing oral English, that’s why Chinese students can not suit the need of normal speed listening materials or native speakers. Teachers can help students to form a good sensation. Students can train the tempo through reading, because there are many skills on it. English teachers should take efforts to teach students how to learn some knowledge about sentence stress, rhythm, sound and intonation, etc. So, during in the class, or at the beginning of the class, teacher can design a game or completion about reading. The student who is the winner can give him/her a present. Through insisting on doing so, students’s sensation can be improved.
(ⅲ) Barriers on lexicology and grammar
During the process of listening comprehension, listeners should not only do the exercises of sound recognition, but also learn more vocabulary. If a new word appeared while they’re listening, they’ll find it difficult for them to understand the whole meaning, even some students stop to listen and think about over and over the new word they met before while the material are going on. So does the grammar. Grammar can help us to catch the implication of the vocal sounds, and understand them well, and it is also the essential condition of a whole passage comprehension. It gives us a basis for judging when the action happens, who is the operator or supporter? What is the factual evidence? Whether it is the subjunctive mood? Etc. If you don’t have a solid foundation on grammar it’ll directly influence your achieving good results while you are listening.
(ⅳ) Barriers on listening habits
The main purpose of listening is to understand the general idea of the materials. During the listening process, they should try to catch the major content, which’s the key point. But many Chinese students have some bad habits while listening. For example, they always try their best to get the meaning of each words, each sentences. Once they meet a new word or a difficulty sentence, they will stop to think. It is doubtless they can’t catch up with the speed any more. Still some students can’t directly understand materials in English, but with the help of Chinese, experienced the process of a heart translation. These bad habits are the main factors influencing their listening comprehension. In fact, it is unnecessary to know every word, every sentence, only should catch the main idea and grasp the major point, that’s enough. If you concentrate to think, you can’t catch up with the materials, and also that’s why you have no time to attend to the main content, let alone seize the implication of it.
Therefore, it is necessary for the teacher to point out the bad habits and then help the students form good habits. Here are some bad listening habits on Listening, which are paraphrased below.
“(1) A poor listener will/ turnoff his or her ears as soon as he or she decides a listening task is going to be dull.
(2). A poor listener listens to only facts and ignores the ideas, the general picture.
(3). A poor listener will fix his or her eyes on the teacher or blackboard, then relax, or Do some thing else, expecting to get the information out of the tape scripts later.
(4).A poor listener will use very little distraction --footsteps, a door opening or closing, a cough, a dropped book—as an excuse to stop listening to the recording or the teacher.”[3] ( p1-2)
(ⅴ) Barriers on cultural background
Language is a kind of cultural expression. It is necessary for students to know some background about the English-speaking countries, such as the history, culture, customs and habits, even life styles. Many students lack of these kinds of knowledge, no wonder they are always making mistakes about them. For example, if teachers give two pieces of passage for them to understand the former, because Spring Festival is the traditional festival in China, everybody knows it very well, that’s helpful for their understanding, however the latter about the Thanksgiving day, students know little about it, it is not easy for them to understand, even very difficult for them to answer some questions about it. Listeners should base on their background knowledge about the topic and their experience of how talks on such themes are structured (as in the case of listening to news or weather reports) besides their understanding of language forms related to the subject area.
(ⅵ) Barriers on psychological factors
It is very important of students to have a good state while listening. Students should get clear that listening is the first step of any language learning, they should pay attention to learn it well at the very beginning.
The process of listening comprehension is a very complicated psychological one. Linguists tell us that it is easy for one to produce frightens when he is at his nervousness. If students meet some words or sentences they don’t understand by chance, they’ll have the fidgets, even some students are afraid of listening at the very beginning. It have placed all sorts of obstacles on the important information invisibly and make them less effective, this lowered the degrees of listening comprehension. On the other hand, eternal links, such as the noise made by inside or outside factors, the quality of the recorders, the loudness and the articulation of the sounds, etc, may all become obstructions influencing the students’ listening well. “Psychological linguistics regards listening is involved with the perception of a language: Perception is to turn the voice into meanings,and it is an analysis of the language signal perception. The process of the language perception is an activity of the short--time memorization .”[4] (p1)
Training and improving students’ ability in listening comprehension should combine daily teaching with following points. First of all, in English class, teachers should try to organize their classes in English, which’s the most effective way, students can concentrate their attention while listening to English. Teachers can also know from the expressions in students’ eyes if they understand. Second, using the first five minutes efficiently before the class, or the revision time, ask students to listen to the radios, television programmers in English. Never be afraid of it. Psychological quality is quite important to do everything, so does listening comprehension.
转贴于 4.How to improve students’ listening ability---designing effective classroom activities
Among the four skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing), foreign language learners often complain that listening is the most difficult one to acquire. Teaching listening should focus on process.
There are three stages in listening activities for language learners: pre—listening, while—listening, post—listening, which will discuss in detail as follow:
4.1 Pre—listening activities
“Research points out that listening activity in general should consist of a pre—listening phase, which should make the context for listening explicit, clarify the purposes for listening, and establish goals, procedures and roles for listening. So a pre—listening activity can involve listeners in the following ways:
(1).By posing the tasks before the students listen to the topic, they are given a purpose for listening, which forces them to focus on selected information.
(2).The listener brings an orientation to a listening event. By opening up the topic, it arouses certain expectations and mentally prepares the students for the topic, it may also activate latest knowledge of vocabulary associated with the topic.
(3).Activating learner’s scripts and tuning in their prior knowledge about the topic helps to relate their background knowledge to the topic to be heard, thus enhancing the comprehension and interpretation of the received message.
(4).By brainstorming what they know about the topic before listening, learners will be able to compare what they know with what they are going to hear, and listen selectively.” [5] (p10)
4.1.1 Purpose
No less than in speaking, the listening process means that the learner must be motivated by a communicative purpose .This purpose determines to a large extent what meanings they must listen for and which parts of the text are most important to them. For example, there may be parts where he does not need to understand every detail, but only to listen for the general gist. There may be other parts where a topic of special significant arises, requiring them to listen for more detailed information—for example, so that they can report about the topic to other members of a group. At other times, a task may require them to listen for specific pieces of information distributed throughout the text.
“The activities will be grouped according to the kind of response that the learner must produce:
(1)Performing physical tasks (e.g. selecting pictures)
(2)Transferring information (e.g. into tabular form)
(3)Reformulating and evaluating information” [6] (p67-68)
4.1.2Choose the appropriate materials
Before having the class, teachers must choose and analysis the materials. “Teacher need to listen the tape all the way through .That way, they will be prepared for any problems, noises, accents etc. That way they can judge whether students will be able to cope with the tape and the tasks that go with it.” [7] ( p100) By doing so, the teacher will know the length of the materials, the difficult points and the focus of the materials, so the teacher can decide in advance how to go on with the teaching in class. Of course, it is a demand for teachers if all other courses. But some teachers do believe that they can teach listening course without any preparation so long as they have the tapes and reference books. So some researchers would like to emphasize the importance of preparations for a class: it is the basic need and also a basic insurance of an effective listening teaching. And the role of analyst, which means that teachers should analyze the functional patterns of the language used in the listening materials that students are to hear. The functions of a language can be simply pided into two patterns: the communication of emotion and the conveying of information. Communication of emotion means that the purpose of using a language is mainly for the establishment of harmonious relationship among the participants of social interaction.
4.1.3 Skills
(ⅰ)Prediction.
Research on speech processing and interpretation suggests that the listener’s ability to make intelligent guesses about what will come next plays a crucial role in their understanding of speech, and prediction is regarded by many researchers as on of the most powerful factors in comprehension. Therefore, a good listener is a good predictor. “By helping our students become better predictors, we are helping them become better listeners.”[8] ( p86)
Prediction also involves asking questions and answering them. According to Fisher and Terry active comprehension is process of generating questions while reading and searching for answers to them. Questioning helps to establish the purpose and causes the listener to interact with the speech, confirming or rejecting expectations.
“Penny Ur summarizes five types of cues that listeners depend on for making predictions about continuation of an utterance:
(1) The stock formula of the language, such as clichés, idioms, quotations and proverbs.
(2). Stress on a particular word in the first part of an utterance is often explained or clarified by a comment in the second.
(3). The logical relationship between the first part of an utterance and the second is often signaled by a conjunction.
(4.) There is construction where the speaker proclaims in advance the kind of thing he is going to say.
(5). Rhetorical questions or bold, brief statements, particularly in the negative, are often followed by answers or amplification in the form of reasons, examples or explanations.” [9] (p11)
(ⅱ)Setting the scene
Another type of pre-listening activity is to set the scene for the students, for example: picture, video, TV etc. Listening to passages in the classroom can be more difficult than listening in real life, because of the lack of context .So the teacher can help provide the background information to activate learners’ schema or illustrate the picture to help students to understand the main idea, so they will be better prepared to understand what they hear.
(ⅲ)Listening for the gist
This type of the pre-listening activity is listening for the gist. It is very important to give students practice in this area, because in real life, they can not listen to the materials several times. Therefore, it will be impossible for them to catch all the information, so they need to be fit with some ambiguity in listening and realize that they can still learn even when they do not understand every word. Listening for the gist is familiar with skimming a passage in reading. The key point lays in let students some questions that focus on the main idea or the tone or the mood of the passage. Find whether students can answer the questions even though they can not understand each word or phrase in the passage.
(ⅳ)Listening for specific information
There are situations in real life where they listen only for some specific details and ignore the rest of the entire message. For example, when they listen to the weather report on TV, they are only interested in the temperature in the city where they live or where we plan to go on the holiday, or when they are sitting in a train station or an air port, they do not listen to the details of all the announcements. It is important to expose our students to a variety of type of listening texts for a variety of purpose so that they will develop a variety of listening strategies to use for different situations.
4.2 While - listening activity
This stage is the most difficult for the teacher to control, because this is where a student should pay attention and get the information actively. However, if the teacher can provide a reason, goal, or task for the learner, this should encourage and help students to focus their attention.
In daily class, students must use all aspects of personal listening ability. At the beginning of this article, we have discussed the problems on students’ listening ability.
According to these problems, we must train the comprehensive listening ability in daily time.
Following are some special training
4.2.1 Listen and tick
A large part of what makes a listening task easy or difficult is what the teacher asks the students to do with the materials. If what students all need to do just is tick as they hear them, the task will be much easier. What you need to tick, you can hear them clearly. Because it is quite easy, ticking is very fit for the students who are in grade 7. It can encourage them to listen to the dialogue or passage carefully.
4.2.2 Listen and act
These activities relate to a method of teaching called Total Physical Response, which concentrates on learning language by listening and responding physical to commands or directions. Here is an example:
“Beginning TPR
Procedure:
(1.) Have two students positioned to two chairs.
Commands supporting vocabulary
Stand up fast
slowly
Sit down table chair
Walk
head stomach
Stop
door blackboard
Turn around
Touch
(2)pick two other students and add more vocabulary that are in the classroom--- such as book, pencil, paper, desk, floor, teacher—and add to the commands put, place, scratch..
(3)use the following type of commands repeatedly in random order, rotating pairs of students from time to time, until you can see that all the students clearly understand what these commands and actions mean.
For example:
Put the pencil on the book.
Scratch your head.
Scratch your stomach.
Put the paper in the box.
Put your hand on your head.
Place the box on the teacher’s head.
Scratch your head and stomach. ” [10] (p11)
4.2.3 Listen and draw
This is similar to acting out physically, but in this type, the students are drawing picture, diagrams on paper. “This type of activity works very well as an information gap activity between pairs of students.” [11] (p90) One example: one student draws a simple picture and then tells his/her partner how to draw it in English .Neither partner can look at each other’s drawing during the task. After they have completed the task, they can compare their pictures to see how similar they are.
Other way: according to last example.
“Introduce the word draw. This opens up a rich network of things you can ask your students to do. Start very simply with the familiar items that the students have already internalized through TPR.
For example:
Draw a table
Draw a chair
Draw a hand
Draw a box
Draw a hand on a door
Draw a window and a hand and book. ”[12] (p11) 4.3 post --- listening activity
Post--- listening, teachers can determine how well the students have understood what they listened to, but it is important to design the tasks well. “One important point to keep in mind is whether we are testing the students’ listening comprehension or their memory. In fact, in real life, listener can remember the gist of the conversation, but cannot remember exactly what words were said. It is more natural to select and interpret what we hear rather than repeat everything we have heard.” [13] ( p187) .Here are some types of post—listening activity: multiple choice questions, answering questions, note-taking, gap—filling and dictogloss.
“It is important to remember when designing activities not to demand that students remember more details the native-speaker would in a real life, because we do not want our students to get into the habit of thinking that they need to understand and remember.” [14] ( p117)
5. Conclusion
As teachers change their practice activity they gain new insights about the learning potentials of their students. “These successes have encouraged teachers to persevere in their efforts to design learning experiences that provide multiple entry and exit points for their students.” [15] ( p290-297)
During the exercitation in middle school, in fact, teachers did not teach the phonetics and phonology. Main practice on listening is just about the textbook. For example, GO FOR IT, the book has a small part for training listening. but the listening teaching is limited. It must add some activities. In the listening activities, according to the certain purpose, it can choose different skills: listen and act, listen and draw, and so on. These types of activities can be designed into games, which are popular for students.
Bibliography
1. Ren Xiaoping . Listening Barriers Among Chinese Students And Training Tactics [J].延安教育学院学报,2001 . p1-2
2. 戴炜冻 A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English [Z].上海: 上海外语教育出版社 p22
3. Liu Yangchun . How to increase students’ listening comprehension [J].开封教育学院学报,1996.10. p1-2
4. Zhang Qi . Psychological analysis in listening teaching and radio programs teaching [J]. 云南教育学院学报,1996.10. p1
5. Zhao Jianqun . Introducing an interactive component into listening instruction [J].曲靖师专学报,1993.3. p10
6. William Littlewood .Communicative Language Teaching. [M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.6. p67-68
7. Jeremy Harmer. How to teach English [M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.8. p100
8. 王蔷 A course in English language teaching [Z].上海:高等教育出版社,2002.5. p86
9. 同2. p11
10. 同 1. p11
11. 同8. p90
12. 同 1 p11
13. 朱纯 外语教育心理学 [Z].上海:上海外语教育出版,1998.3. p187
篇2
教师在选择高中英语听力教学素材时,通产采用学生教材中的Listining的相关内容对学生进行训练,而忽视学生的听力基础、认知水平以及课堂的相关教学目标。这种为了完成教学任务而进行的听力训练往往无法取得显著的训练效果。因此,高中英语听力的教学在选择教学内容时,应充分考虑学生的认知水平、兴趣爱好及教学目标。而对媒体教学可以通过声音、视频、图像等多种方式,为教师和学生提供多样的教学内容。例如,课本中有一课的Listening是讲牛顿、爱因斯坦及霍金对地心引力的不同观点的内容,这个听力资料中涉及了很多相对论、万有引力、黑洞等专业词汇,学生一般对这些词汇比较陌生,自然听起来比较困难。教师则可以利用多媒体先把这些词汇通过图片或视频的方式展现给学生,学生对这些难度大的词汇有了初步了解后,再来听此片文章就比较容易了。此外,教师还可以通过多媒体播放新概念英语、VOA、奥巴马演讲等与学生水平相当的内容,甚至可以用这些材料取代部分的教材听力内容,以丰富学生练习英语听力的资料。
二、展示听力原文的背景知识
学生要想充分地了解英语听力材料,对材料内容有准确、客观的评价,就要对听力材料的文化背景、生活方式、人物场景、价值观念等背景知识有充分的了解。对听力材料的背景知识有充分的把握后,将会为理解、判断提供有力的依据。在高中英语听力的教学中,教师应该注重对要联系英语听力的背景知识的介绍,以充分调动学生的学习积极性和主动性,帮助他们对听力材料有更深入的理解和判断。例如,在高中英语课本中有一个Listening是讲ChenBin和Joy在讨论人们如何过复活节以及复活节的由来。如果学生在练习此篇听力前,不能对有关复活节的相关知识有初步的了解,听起来就比较困难。因此,教师可以利用多媒体将有关复活节的theEsterBunny,Estereggs等内容展示各学生,这样既能充分激发学生练习听力的积极性和好奇心,又能促进学生对听力材料的理解。
三、提高听力内容的多样性
1.听英文歌曲。在高中英语听力的多媒体教学过程中,教师可以通过多媒体,利用英文歌曲来提高学生的听力能力。教师可以在课堂上,用多媒体的声音播放器来组织学生集体听一些和学生水平相当的英文歌曲,也可以布置学生课后听,也可以把课前准备好的歌词通过屏幕展示给学生,然学生边听边填写空缺的歌词。比如说,笔者曾经在一次英语听力训练时,就把Troubleisafriend这首英文歌曲的部分歌词删除,然后在课堂上给学生播放这首歌曲,并引导学生第一遍和第二遍听写出空缺的词汇,第三遍注重听重读、连读、略读等现象,最后再鼓励学生跟着录音一起唱。事实证明,通过听英文歌曲来训练学生的英语听力,更能取得事半功倍的效果。
2.看英文影视剧。练习英语听力的最终目的就是能够在现实生活中,自如地应用英语这门语言。而英文影视剧就是在现实生活中对英语这门语言最好的应用。教师可以在多媒体上播放一些学生能接受的影视剧,让他们通过情节推理的方式,培养良好的英语语感,激发其学习英语的积极性和主动性。例如,《老友记》这部英文剧,其语速是能被高中生所接受的,教师在课堂上选择合适的机会给学生播放《老友记》,既能提高学生听说英语的能力,又能促进学生对西方知识的了解和学习。
3.课前听力训练。听力能力的培养和训练并不是一蹴而就的,需要长期的、不间断的训练和坚持。教师可以在每节英语课前都抽出5分钟的时间来引导学生进行短期的英语听力训练。教师可以把一段奥巴马的演讲或VOA的内容播放给学生,一方面锻炼了学生的听力能力,另一方面又帮助学生拓展了眼界和知识面。
四、化整为零听句子
篇3
关键词:大学英语教学;听力焦虑;应对策略
一、引言
Krashen曾指出:“语言学习中头等重要的是听力理解,听力训练应放在首位。”二语习得理论指出,学习者的情感因素是影响外语学习的重要原因。情感因素包括焦虑、抑制和动机等。其中,焦虑被认为是阻碍外语学习的最大障碍之一。焦虑是一种紧张不安,带有恐惧感的情绪状态,是一种经历紧张、担忧、烦乱和恐慌等感受的不良状态和极力摆脱这种负面情绪的紧张反应(Burger.1997)。而听力焦虑是外语学习过程中所特有的一种复杂心理现象,是学习者因外语学习过程的独特性而产生的一种与课堂语言学习相关的自我意识、信仰、感情以及行为的明显焦虑情绪(Horwitz.1986)。有研究证实,合理的应对策略在调节、干预学习情绪方面具有重要作用(DeAnda.2000)。
二、相关理论研究
1.有关焦虑的研究
对焦虑的研究是学习者情感因素研究的重要内容。一般认为焦虑感是有害的。然而也有人持不同看法,认为并不是所有的焦虑感都对学习有害。只有适当的焦虑感对学习有利,过高和过低都会妨碍学习(Maelntyre,1999)。Brown.认为焦虑分为两种:抑制性焦虑和促进性焦虑。前者包括一些妨碍学习的不良情绪,如紧张、担忧、畏惧等;而后者对学习则有一定的积极促进作用。本文主要讨论前者,即抑制性焦虑对听力学习所产生的影响。
2.有关应对策略的研究
应对(coping)过程指人们对超出自己认知范围极限的认知要求所进行的认知或行为调控过程,可分三个阶段:(1)初始评价阶段,(2)继续评价阶段,(3)执行应对策略阶段。应对策略包括着眼于问题解决的策略和着眼于情绪的应对策略。着眼于问题解决的策略指为消除或减少给自己带来压力或负面影响的事件发生而采取的行动、策略及持有的意念、想法等,比如积极考虑、规划下一步的学习行为。而着眼于情绪的应对策略指为调整和减轻某事所带来的消极或压抑情绪而采取的行动、策略及持有的意念、想法等,如发泄情绪、放弃学习。应对策略在调节挫折所带来的负面情绪的同时必然对学习效果造成影响。
目前应对策略研究主要从一般性和特定性两个角度入手。然而,学生不大可能会按照一贯方式来应对特定情境下的压力和困难,而是根据实际需要制定合适的策略,所以两者有区别。本文研究英语听力学习过程中的应对策略,属特定性研究。
三、非英语专业学生听力焦虑现象分析
为了更客观直接地了解学生听力焦虑现象,笔者采用自行设计的问卷调查法和深度访谈对济宁学院2009级计算机科技和体育教育专业四个班的144名学生的听力焦虑状况进行了分析。该问卷由12个题目组成,其中9个选择题和3个开放性问题,该问卷涉及大学英语课堂的各个方面,包括课堂气氛、听力材料难易程度、学生的心理承受能力和教师指导与评价等。共回收139份有效问卷。问卷由笔者自行设计,参考了关于情感、焦虑的一般心理学量表,并在进行试测的基础上进行了加工。为了尽可能真实客观地反映学生听力焦虑的情况,笔者在问卷调查基础上对部分学生进行了访谈,要求他们描述听力课堂上所表现的焦虑症状、原因以及减缓焦虑的方法。
调查结果显示:听力材料的难度的越大学生越容易产生不自信的心理,由此引发对听力材料的担忧和恐惧,进而形成焦虑心理,这部分学生占到61.9%,另有25.7%学生认为听力材料难度太大,听不懂,进而产生抵触心理,甚至放弃听力学习。从学生英语学习的基础能力和心理素质差异来看,学生各自的英语基础,英语能力,理解能力以及词汇量的差异也会使学生在听力课堂中的焦虑程度不同。由于这些基础能力的欠缺而在听力课堂中产生焦虑情绪的学生占77.6%。其次由于不自信导致焦虑的学生占19.2%,由于教师的负面评价而引起焦虑感的学生占到10.6%。第三个方面就是教师和课堂气氛在学生焦虑心理的形成中起到很大的影响,大约38.1%的学生害怕被提问,提问到自己时会感到慌乱、焦躁;也有26.1%的学生赞成老师的提问,认为老师的提问可以促使自己保持高度紧张的状态从而更加专注地学习。有大约57.2%的学生认为老师正面的合理中肯的评价、鼓励和微笑会减轻他们的焦虑感。
以上统计数据显示英语听力课堂上可能导致学生产生焦虑情绪的原因有很多,主要是听力材料的难易程度、学生英语基础的好坏、学生自信心的强弱以及包括老师的指导与评价在内的课堂气氛等,其中最主要的还是听力材料的难易程度和英语基础的好坏。因为在听力课堂上,学生得主要任务是听,处于一种相对被动的状态。听的过程稍纵即逝,极其短暂,学生必须在短时间内对所听到的语言材料进行识别、理解、加工、连接、记忆等一系列的处理,同时还要不断唤醒头脑中积累的知识以配合所听的材料。因此学生在听力课堂上承受着较大的心理压力,在听的过程中需要良好的心理素质以及基础知识,否则使听力效果大打折扣。至于上面提到的其他因素都是在听前或是听后产生作用,间接地影响到学生的心理,使他们产生焦虑情绪。
四、针对听力焦虑的应对策略
1.选择合适的教材和教学模式
在教材和教学模式的选择中,教师应该根据学生的实际情况选择合理有效的教材和授课方法。课堂上可以采取由浅入深的方法,先准备一些清楚易懂的材料活跃学生思维,放松他们的心境,慢慢引导他们接受新的知识。同时教师还应该讲解听力材料涉及的文化背景知识,促进学生对听力材料通篇的理解。
2.加强学生的英语基本功的训练
要加强学生英语基本功的训练,不断扩充词汇量提高理解能力。在进行听力练习的时候,要遵循听单词-短语-句子这一由简到难的原则,突出听辨训练,不仅要听辨音素、单词、短语和句子,还要听辨重读、弱读、连读、同化等。当学生具备一定的词汇量、语法知识和较强的听辨能力时,自然就减少了听力理解的障碍,听的时候就会有收获感、成功感,焦虑心理就自然会缓解。
3.正确评价学生的课堂表现,帮助学生树立自信心
首先,教师应该让学生知道听力焦虑是一种普遍的现象,从听力课的自身的特点和性质向学生解释,听力焦虑是一种正常现象。其次,教师要知道自己的负面评价可以导致学生焦虑的产生或加剧,过多或不当的纠错会打断思路、阻碍交流,导致强烈的焦虑感。因此,应该为学生提供一个比较放松的环境和氛围,以积极真诚的态度对待学生。要适当地允许学生犯错,而非每错必纠。如果对纠错的时机、次数和方式处理得当,势必会收到良好的效果。
五、结语
听力焦虑情绪在大学英语课堂普遍存在,过度的焦虑对听力效果会产生负面影响。因此必须缓解听力教学中学生的焦虑心理,要有的放矢地设计最轻松有效的应对策略,尽力将焦虑控制在理想范围内。
参考文献:
[1]Burger,J.M.Personality[M].Brooks:ColePublishingCompany.1997.
[2]Horwitz,E.K.,Horwitz,M.B.,andCope,J.ForeignLanguageClassroomAnxiety[J].ModernLanguageJournal.1986,
[3]DeAnda,D.SBaroniL.Boskin,L.Buchwald,J.Morgan,J.Ow,J.S.Gold,&R.Weiss.Stress,stressorsandcopingamonghighschoolstudents[J].ChildrenandYouthServicesReview,2000.
[4]Maelntyre,P.D.Languageanxiety:Areviewoftheresearchforlanguageteachers.1999.
篇4
(一)传统高中英语教学的弊端
受高考模式的影响,高中的英语教育主要是应试教育,传统英语教学重视语法,而忽视听说能力。而进入大学尤其接触到社会的大学生,却猛然发现企业更加注重的是语言的实际表达能力和与人交流的能力,尤其交流能力的高低直接决定自己能否胜任该项工作。而在与人交流的过程中,其首要问题就是能否听明白对方在讲什么。只有明确理解对方的态度、意见,才能有针对性地提出自己的观点和应答策略。于是,他们发现纵然英语语法逻辑再严谨、英语表达再准确,若听不懂对方的话那也于事无补。鉴于传统英语教学的缺点,教师要阐明英语听力课的重要性,可以从理论关系和就业实践两个方面进行剖析。目前,我国大部分大学都会组织英语四六级考试,其中重要的一环也是英语听力,四六级证书也影响着学生的就业情况。作为大学英语教师,要深刻思考如何改变传统的英语教学弊端,改变英语听力课的从属地位,充分调动学生的学习热情和主动性,让学生在大学英语听力课上投入更多的学习精力。
(二)学生过分依赖教材
大学英语听力课的主要目的就是提高学生的听力能力,主要就是通过刺激学生的“耳朵”,让他们适应英语的语速、音调,听懂里面的内容,理解听力材料要表达的主旨。然而,由于学生手里有教科书或文字材料,这就导致学生不是在用“耳朵”听,而是在用“眼睛”看,这种“边看边听”的方式就严重减弱了听力材料对“耳朵”的刺激,降低了听力课的教学效果,甚至把“听力课”变成了“发音课”。
(三)听力学习习惯的缺失
整体来讲,目前大学生缺乏课下自主学习的习惯,这是目前大学生普遍存在的问题。当今,电脑、手机、QQ、微信、微博、网购等现代化通讯及购物手段既丰富了学生的业余生活也促进了同学间的交流。但同时这些也严重占用了学生的业余学习时间,甚至个别同学在课上也从事这些与学习无关的事情。这就使得学生没有养成自主学习的习惯。即使课下进行学多是针对理论课的学习,尤其是针对期末考试的学习。部分学生能够课下背诵单词、学习句型,但是短时间内效果不能明显。
二、关于听力课训练方法的建议
在听力课上,教师起到的是主导作用,但教师并非课堂的主角,学生才是主角。课上如何监督学生学习是教师的一个重要职责。笔者认为,听力课上除了让学生通过训练听懂资料内容外,还应该让学生学会听的技巧。根据训练的重点不同,笔者把听力材料分为以下几类进行训练。
(一)泛听训练
泛听训练是指将一段听力材料从头到尾不间断地给学生播放,根据内容的难易程度可以反复播送,然后要求学生总结出材料的中心思想。这种训练的主要目的是提高学生快速掌握听力材料内容的能力。在实际的语言交流中,语言是不间断的、连续的“听力材料”,听者是在极短时间内被动地接受大量的信息。因此,这种锻炼最接近实际,对学生的训练也最有效。同时,也要求学生在做这项训练时必须集中精力,调动全身细胞来努力听取材料内容。同时,为了提高听力效果,可在播放材料之前先将个别较难单词列给学生,同时给学生提出几个相关问题,让学生带着问题去听材料。这样,学生就会有针对性,可以根据问题在所听到的材料中寻找相关信息。
(二)听写训练
听写训练就是教师朗读单词、句子甚至是短文,要求学生把所听到的写下来。这样做的目的是练习学生听力和用笔捕捉信息的反应能力。在英语四六级考试中,听力考试材料较难。学生作为一个非母语的学习者,几乎不可能把所有信息都记录下来。这就要求学生具有迅速抓住要点记录的能力,所以需要教师在日常教学中加强这方面的训练,也可将英语四六级的考试题作为听力材料来训练。
(三)专项训练
专项训练就是针对学生在听的过程中遇到的某一处或者某几处难点进行专门的训练。目的是帮助学生解决听力过程中遇到的某个有针对性的问题。例如英语中的数字的特殊读法很难掌握、英语复数的规律较为复杂,学生在平时的练习甚至是考试的时候往往很惧怕这种听力题的出现,一听到相关内容就会紧张甚至产生放弃的消极心理。针对这种情况,为了克服学生的消极心理,笔者就有针对性地做一个专题,把相关内容先做一系统总结,然后把这类听力题目集中起来统一进行听力训练。必要时可以把相关听力材料发给学生,让其在课下反复练习,这样做效果更佳。以上这些只是笔者在日常教学中的一些经验和听力材料分类方法,除此之外我们还应该积极探索提高学生英语听力能力的各种教学方法,把握英语听力课的教学改革方向。
三、英语听力课教学改革的方向
(一)活用多媒体教学手段激发学生学习兴趣
多媒体技术的出现促进了我们的教学手段改革,在英语听力教学实践中,教师利用多媒体技术编制的教学计算机辅助教学课件,能充分创造出一个图文并茂、有声有色、生动逼真的教学环境,既能激发学生的学习兴趣,也能改变传统教学的单调模式。
(二)利用原版教材资料体会原汁原味的英语
篇5
在进行《水调歌头 明月几时有》一课时,我就是这样尝试的。我在充分挖掘相关资料的基础之上,精心的制作课件,大胆的创新授课方式,整节课不仅课堂气氛十分活跃,而且充分培养了学生视读听说写的综合能力。
首先,在课前,让学生对本节课进行充分的预习,让学生达到熟练朗读,程度较好的要求背诵。同时,让学生结合有关注释,对这首词基本大意有一个系统的了解。
其次,我利用多媒体课件导入新课。在邓丽君优美动听的《但愿人长久》歌曲声中导入了本课的学习。这首由梁士宏作曲、歌词就是《水调歌头 明月几时有》原词的歌曲,旋律回环婉转,还是首流行歌曲,学生一下子就被感染了,许多跟着轻声地哼唱起来。
良好的开端就是成功的一半。在此基础上,我又出示了第二组课件,关于对作者苏轼的介绍和写词时的背景(重点处我用光笔着重指出)。
这样一来,不仅节省了很多时间,培养了学生视读能力。还让学生对作者写这首词时的遭遇、心境有了进一步的理解,拉近了时空,产生了思想上的初步共鸣。
第三,我打开了第三组音频加动画的朗诵课件。学生在丰富的视觉享受和听觉享受上,对朗诵的技巧有了清楚的了解,他们默默的跟着朗读起来。并且进一步加深了对词的意境的感悟。学生看完后,我不失时机的让学生以小组为单位讨论都领悟到了几幅画面,然后进行提问,让学生有层次的叙述,培养了学生口头表达能力,为学生对整首词的赏析奠定了基础。
第四,出示第四组课件。这张课件我采用配乐朗读的形式对词作了简单的赏析。对主要方面作了突出强调。
这首词运用行的描述手法,勾勒出一种皓月当空、美人千里、孤旷高远的境界氛围,反衬出遗世独立的意绪和往昔的神话传说融合一处,在月的阴晴圆缺当中,渗进了浓厚的哲学意味,是一首将自然和社会高度契合的感喟作品。
上片写“望月”。尤其注意“我欲乘风归去”一句。为何归去呢?从作者的思想看来,他受道家影响很深,抱着超然物外的生活态度,所以常有出世等仙的想法。之所以如此,还有一层原因,那就是他对现实生活的不满。人世间有太多的不称心、不如意之事了,迫使词人幻想摆脱这烦恼人世,到琼楼玉宇中去过逍遥自在的神仙生活。接下来“又恐琼楼玉宇,高处不胜寒……何似在人间”几句,词人感情忽转急下。写出了词人矛盾的心理。此矛盾足能说明作者留恋人世、热爱生活的思想感情,显示了词人开阔的心胸与超远豪迈的作风,也正合他豪放派词人代表的身份。
下片主要写“怀人”。由中秋月圆联想到了人间的离别,同时感慨人生的离合无常。“但愿人长久,千里共婵娟”。一句是人们最美好的心愿。通过音频视频配合的赏析,让学生充分了解了全词的意境豪放而旷达,对明月的向往之情,对生活的热爱之情,以及那浪漫的色彩,潇洒的风格和行云流水一般的语言,让学生得到了健康的美学享受。
篇6
钢琴学习者首先应该能够清楚的分辨基本音乐元素,同时,应该具备感受基本音乐情绪的能力,其中主要包括音乐风格、和声、音高、节拍、节奏等等基本要素。所谓基本音乐情绪主要是指乐曲中存在的怨、哀、怒、喜等各种不同情绪特征。学生学习音乐主要是为了培养他们的感性音乐思维,不断提高他们的审美修养,如果基于这个角度分析,对于每一个钢琴学习者而言,感受基本音乐情绪是终极目标。实际上,基本分辨能力以及感知能力两者之间是相辅相成的关系,如果学生在分辨基本音乐元素时越来越敏感,这样学生也会越来越准确地把握音乐情绪。因此,在训练学生的音乐听觉能力的过程中,教师应该明确听觉能力训练的最高目标是培养并提高学生的对于音乐情绪的基本感受能力,但是需要注意的是,在训练时应该始终围绕基本音乐元素展开训练,按照循序渐进的原则一个层次、一个层次进行训练。
二、钢琴听觉能力训练方法
(一)以通感刺激听觉敏感
所谓通感也被称之为“联觉”,主要是指相互联动人的动觉以及视觉从而刺激人的听觉敏感性。音乐实际上自身存在和动觉、视觉相对应的关系。比如,声音频率越高的话,往往会给人更加明亮的感觉,声音频率越低的话,往往会给人一种暗淡的感觉。舒缓的音乐容易使人陷入冥想,自己一个人陷入沉思;如果是欢快的音乐,很容易带动人的动觉,产生手舞足蹈的感觉。初级钢琴学习者,对于联觉反应的敏感度并不高,因此教师应该适时给予相应的指导,尽可能通过动觉形态以及视觉形象将一些看不到或者摸不着的抽象音响形象将外化听觉感知进行外化,借助听觉和动觉、视觉之间的相互对应关系使学生可以更加直观的体验到音响的刺激。比如,在学习弹奏八分附点节奏的过程中,刚开始教师可以指导学生只是在教室里“跑跳步”,尝试着体验附点节奏的律动,让学生经过身体运动体验节奏的倾向性以及动力性。
(二)积极创设情境,激发学生的听觉想象
篇7
伦理道德教育的可行性分析,最后提出在高中语文教学渗透家庭伦理道德教育的相关对策。
关键词 : 高中语文;语文教学;家庭伦理道德;
一、当前高中生家庭伦理道德教育现状
(一)当代高中生家庭伦理道德现状不容乐观
随着我国市场经济的发展,人民生活水平的提高,以及当今中学生多为独生子女,父母对子女的溺爱、娇惯,导致高消费浪潮席卷中学校园。越来越多的中学生,特别是城市的孩子们跻身“贵族学子”的行列,他们饮食消费跟着广告走,服装消费跟着名牌走,娱乐消费跟着新潮走,人情消费跟着成人走。他们把从父母那里得来的大把大把的钞票毫不吝惜的掷向商店、酒楼、溜冰场和歌舞厅。高消费不但增加了家庭负担,而且滋长了校园的奢侈作风,导致拜金思潮的泛滥,这不但对学生的身心健康发展极为不利,而且还成为青少年犯罪的诱因社会大环境的影响下。
当今学生中出现的铺张浪费、不孝敬父母、父母与子女关系紧张,甚至出现父母杀死自己的子女、或者是子女杀死父母、的违背家庭伦理道德的现象,以及早恋、早孕等,都体现出当代学生普遍缺乏家庭责任感,因此在对青少年进行家庭伦理道德教育刻不容缓。
(二)家庭伦理道德教育与学校教育关系认识上的误区
在学校教育中,家庭伦理道德教育未引起足够的重视,存在认识上的误区:主体无关论。一些人认为,家庭伦理道德教育与高中生无关,与高中教育无关。这种观点不符合素质教育的要求。高中教育应该全面提高学生的综合素质,尤其是社会文化素质,包括家庭伦理道德素质。这对于学生将来走向社会,推动社会文明进步是必不可少的。家庭与社会,家庭伦理道德与社会公德是密不可分的。家庭伦理道德水平直接影响甚至决定整个社会道德水平。
随着社会主义市场经济的发展,许多陈旧的家庭伦理道德观念需要我们去破除,许多新的家庭伦理道德现象需要我们研究。条件限制论。一些人认为,对高中生进行较家庭伦理道德教育很有必要,但是学校远离家庭,条件限制了这项工作的开展。实际上,这种认识是片面地,问题的关键是如何有效利用有限的教学资源,积极进行家庭伦理道德教育。高中文科教材蕴含着丰富的家庭伦理道德资源,需要教师用心挖掘。
二、高中语文教学渗透家庭伦理道德教育策略
(一)注重暗示、陶冶的外部因素,潜移默化
在语文教学中,渗透伦理道德采用暗示教育。首先,要充分发挥教师在语文教学中的主导作用,精心设计和控制各种暗示信息,使其能有效地服务于教学目标。使学生在暗示中潜移默化地进入“润物细无声”的教学境界。教师的言传身教在语文家庭伦理道德教育教学中起着重要的示范作用,它具有很大的感染力、说服力,最易激励学生模仿,教师应以知传知、以情传情、以行导行,取得育德的高效。其次,积极营建暗示教育环境,让学生从教材资源和教学环境中获得家庭伦理道德教育的信息。因为优美的暗示环境,能有效地作用于学生的心灵。比如教学《我与地坛》,可以充分利用多媒体教学手段进行暗示,让学生听《懂你》这首歌中联想到母亲在史铁生身后复杂而感人画面,使学生感受到母爱的深沉和伟大。
在语文教学中渗透家庭伦理道德教育,不是单纯的政治灌输或道德说教,它是一种人文陶冶,它改造着学生的意识与心灵,积淀着价值规范,丰富着思想感情,提升着道德质量,熔铸着意志品格,强化着心理精神。文质兼美的课文孕育着丰富的育人因素,它们的具体形象又为学生乐于接受。凭借教材,对学生的思想意识给予有益或良好的影响,是在语文教学中加强渗透家庭伦理道德教育的必由之路,将会喷发巨大的能量。也就是说:教师要准确把握教学目标,善于挖掘教材中的情感因素,努力营建情感氛围,制造一个熔铸精神与灵魂的大“火炉”,把家庭伦理道德教育的内容点化出来,呼唤出来,以打动学生的心弦。
(二)和谐共振,双边互动
语文教学是教师的教和学生的学的统一,是师生共同参与互相配合的双边互动过程。这里面存在着教师与学生、教师与教材、学生与教材之间的矛盾,这三对矛盾是语文教学的内在动力。语文教学家庭伦理道德教育渗透要达到艺术境界就是要合理地处理它们之间的矛盾,使之渐趋和谐,同处共振状态。教师和学生在一种和谐、融洽的气氛中,自然而然地达成家庭伦理道德教育目标;在一种共振状态下,大幅度地提高家庭伦理道德教育实效。可以认为,教师和学生的和谐共振,是语文教学家庭伦理道德教育渗透的最佳境界。对语文教师来说,欲求这种和谐共振境界,最为重要的就是要充分了解教学对象,明了学情,把握学生思想品德方面的“脉搏”和“频率”,深入研究教材中的家庭伦理道德教育因素,因人善诱,因势利导,因材施教。
而且,本人觉得语文教学中的思想教育,应该符合语文教育的特点,注重熏陶感染、潜移默化,注重内外部因素相结合,把情感态度和价值观的要求渗透于教学过程之中。以提高学生的品德修养和审美情趣,使他们逐步养成良好的个性和健全的人格,促进学生德、智、体、美的和谐发展。这种方式,对家庭伦理道德教育渗透来说,是极其自然地突出了重点,有机地统一了课文的文学性和思想性,最终达到作品与学生心灵产生共鸣的效果。
三、结论
总之,由于本人水平有限,本研究还存在着很多不足之处,对有些问题的分析还不够全面、深入,有些对策也值得进一步推敲,敬请各位专家学者给予批评指正,以利于我在以后的研究工作中进一步完善。
参考文献:
[1]杨韶刚.道德教育心理学[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2007:116-127
篇8
关键词:高校英语教学 听力教学 问题 对策
自从中国成功加入世贸之后,中国也加快了全球化的步伐,与全球其他国家的联系越来越紧密,英语作为国际通用语言,其重要性变得越来越明显。同时,英语教学应注重培养学生的应用型能力,这也加大了听力教学的重要性。然后,在高校英语听力教学中,仍然存在这诸多问题,怎样解决这些问题并提高英语听力教学成为当今英语听力教学的关键。
一、听力教学中存在的问题
1.教学方法单一
高校英语教学中存在的主要问题之一是教学方法比较单一。教师多数是通过播放教材上音频的方式进行授课,而学生也是被动的听,完成书上内容。这种传统的教学模式的确有一定优点,例如可以通过这种强化训练达到应试教育的目的,但是在现今社会,这种教学方法已经不能满足社会需求了。这种教学方法不但使学生无法掌握真正听力技能,也扼杀了学生的学习积极性。
2. 考核方式不恰当
高校英语专业听力教学的另一问题是考核方式的不恰当。虽然听力教材已经在很大程度上做到循序渐进的培养学生听力能力,但是由于考核方式过于单一,不能使学生培养实用性较高的听力能力。学生还在受应试教育思想的影响,在听力过程中刻意记下答案。学生也会认为听力课的目的就是通过期末考试,只要记住教材上问题答案,就能通过考试,这打消了学生学习的主动性。
3. 教学内容的单一
听力课堂中教师使用材料的单一也是问题之一。虽然教材可以在很大程度上提高学生的听力能力,但是教材中材料的语调,语速等等和现实生活有很大差别。因此,单一使用教材会导致学生在现实生活中出现根本听不懂的情况,达不到培养复合型和应用型人才的目的,因此教师可以在初期使用教材,在教学中后期,应该丰富课堂内容,这也可以提高学生的积极性。
二、听力教学的提高策略
1. 采用“任务型”教学方法
“任务型”教学方法因其独特优点,越来越受欢迎。听力教学中也应适当加入“任务型”教学方法。例如,教师要明确学生的宏观目标,也就是提高听力能力。但是同时,在每一节听力课上,首先教师应明确向学生提出具体学习目标。例如,听懂新闻,经济,生活,娱乐等等。“任务型”教学方法提倡在实际情景下的语言交流,能有效提高学生解决实际问题的能力,并使学生体会到合作的重要性以及完成任务后的满足感。在“任务型”教学方法下,学生是学习以及课堂的主体,教师负责分配任务。
2. 改革考核模式
与我国大学不同,国外大学不像我们这样重视期末开始,原因是学生在学习课程时完成了相关任务,例如论文,项目,讨论等等,或参加了相关考试。教师通过学生在学习本门课程过程中完成任务的情况了解了学生对课程知识的掌握和努力情况,给学生一个更公平的考核,这也有利于学生在整个过程中重视本门课程,培养相关能力,这是单一期末考试的考核方式所达不到的。因此,在听力教学中,教师应能丰富考核模式,培养学生的主动性,改掉学生的死记硬背的习惯。例如可以在学期间组织多次不同形式的小考,把学生的作业成绩以及课堂表现纳入到期末成绩中去。
同时教师也应丰富作业模式,对作业形式进行改革。例如可以移交选择权。这里的选择权指的是学习内容的选择权,即给学生布置听力作业时,以学生的兴趣为出发点,给学生提供多种多样的选择空间,让他们能够并且愿意为自己的学习负责;教师也可以丰富作业形式。
3. 丰富教学内容,培养学生学习兴趣
兴趣是最好的老师,是学生学习的最大动力,因此教师应在英语听力教学中考虑兴趣的重要性,使学生摆脱考试的巨大压力,而因自己有兴趣而主动学习,开始享受听力课。这就需要老师不断激发学生学习的兴趣。而对于听力课,想要激发学生的兴趣就要丰富教学内容,而不能只是拘泥于课本。因此教师应注重使用辅助工具来丰富课堂内容。教师可以选择一些符合学生兴趣点,接近生活的文章,来抓住学生的注意力。使学生培养学习主动性,并养成好的习惯。例如,教师可以选择TED演讲,名人演讲以及电影来丰富学生听力内容。英语原声电影是非常有价值的听力影像材料来源,英语原声电影为学生打造出身临其境的语言环境,是学生学习地道语言的语素及语用、了解目的语国家的文化外延及内涵、提高跨文化交际及语言运用能力的一条佳径。因此,电影教学弥补听力教学中资源不足,对课堂英语听力教学起到了推进作用。总之,教师要在教学中注重培养学生学习兴趣,不断丰富教学内容,使学生喜欢上听力课。
英语的五项基本技能“听、说、读、写、译”,听力排在首位,可见听力的重要性,然而听力学习却是英语学习中的难点。在本文中,作者介绍当今高校英语听力教学中存在的问题,并结合自己的教学经验提出了提高英语听力教学的方法。近些年。我国很多高校也在对英语听力教学进行着很多探索,听力教学已经得到了很大提高,很多院校开始注重学生实际听力能力的提高,注重为培养应用型英语人才服务。总之,作为高校英语教学的重点,教师应当想尽办法提高教学方法和能力,并学会在不同社会环境下采取适合的教学方法,不断探索新的教学方法,进而更好的提高学生的英语听力综合能力。
参考文献:
蔡鸿雁. 高校高专英语听力教学中存在的问题及对策[J]. 山东省农业管理干部学院学报,2011 (5) .
蒋祖康. 学习策略与听力的关系--中国英语本科学生素质调查分析报告之一[J].外语教学与研究,1994, ( 1):51-58.
田坷. 目前我国大学英语听力教学的几个误区[J]. 西江大学学报,2000.
篇9
论文关键词:初中英语学法指导
很多学生总是觉得英语学习难,甚至相当一部分学生放弃了要学好英语的决心。因此,英语教师不仅要让学生掌握怎样学会英语,更重要的是要指导学生如何会学英语。教学是一个双边活动的过程,教师不仅要研究教法、学法,更要重视对学生学习方法的指导,因为“授人以鱼,供一饭之需;教人以渔,则终身受用不尽”。
1、必须有正确的学习态度和信心。
1.1学好英语没有捷径可走。要真正掌握英语。就要勤学苦练,从胆大、皮厚、破嘴、烂笔头做起。“胆大”是指在学习英语的过程中胆子要大.不怕出错。“皮厚”是指脸皮要厚,说英语说错了也不怕别人笑话。我们都是从不断纠错中成长的。“破嘴”是指在说英语或读英语的时候.一定要张开嘴巴大声地、清楚地、快速地说,看见单词或短语应该读准确、读正确。“烂笔头”是指在学习英语的过程中应该把老师口述的例子和知识点选择重点的记录下来.没有那个天才能够听课时过耳不忘。要勤于整理和归纳有规律性的东西并及时记下来。
1.2人贵有志,学贵有恒。学习英语是长期积累的过程.这个过程一定要有恒心。要日积月累,付出长期的努力中学英语教学论文,坚持和积累是学好英语的法宝。要不怕困难.咬牙坚持学习论文提纲格式。一定能出成果。
2、弄清和掌握各学年度的侧重点。
初一阶段:初一是小学到初中学习生活的过渡阶段,是语音语调定型的阶段,要多听磁带、多模仿,模仿英、美人的语音语调,但不必一味追求洋腔洋调。重点应放在发音正确,吐字清楚, 表达自然。例如,可以把自己想说的话录下来,然后再放出来自己听。其次,要注意书写的规范。按格式、按笔顺,整齐规范地练好英语书写,对初一学生也是非常重要的。
初二阶段:进入初二以后,随着英语知识不断加深、难度不断加大,同学们普遍觉得英语越来越难学了。成绩较好的学生的成绩难以达到初一的高分境界,中下等学生的畏难情绪逐渐明显,两极分化逐渐形成。针对这些情况,刚进入初二年级的学生,在英语学习上应该作出一些策略性的调整。其中最主要的,就是要加强阅读量。在听、说、写、读四项基本技能中,阅读是关键,应该大量阅读简写文学名著和其他简易读物,培养对英语的感性认识,了解英语社会的文化背景知识,如果把自己感兴趣的文章背下来,那对以后写地道的英语会有很大的好处。对于初中级英语学习者,我特别推荐英语简易读物,读的材料要浅易,故事性要强中学英语教学论文,读的速度尽可能快一些,读的越多越好,这是学好英语屡试不爽的一个好办法。
初三阶段:很多人错误地认为,初三就是复习迎考,实际上,过早的准备初三下学期的中考没有意义,因为备考的实质是复习已学知识和研究考试技巧,因此在还没有掌握大量的英语知识之前何谈“复习”,又如何“复习”呢?所以过早的备考是徒有虚名的;另外,过早的备战中考会侵蚀甚至磨灭自己对学习英语的兴趣,从而丧失能真正提高自身英语水平的很多机会。人在备考和学习中的心态是迥异的:备考的心是功利的,一心想着如何战胜试题,博取高分,其他的都变得并不重要了;而学习的心是开放的,它接受自己喜欢的知识,也因此迎来了进步的机会。再者,过长的备考状态反而不利于考试。考试的准备时间一般以半年时间为宜,长于这个准备时间,人就会很自然的对这门考试产生厌烦情绪和抗拒甚至逃避心理了。
初三阶段的学习应注意些什么呢?第一提高英语的实际运用能力,尤其应注重英语口语和听力的提高。到了初三,课程安排日益紧凑,各科复习的任务也越来越重,学生会觉得越来越难找机会练习口语。中考改革的种种迹象表明,初中学生的英语能知道多少不是最重要的,能用上多少才是最重要的。学习英语语言,就要学习西方文化。事实已经证明,掌握更多英语国家文化的学生,在英语成绩和大小考试中表现更优越。了解了更多的文化背景中学英语教学论文,在阅读英语文段,听对话或短文和在语法题中体验语境都有非常明显的帮助。
3、积极听课。
要听好每一节课,关键是提高听课的注意力。那么上课时如何集中精力呢?上课时,应该围绕着所学内容,积极思考。要做到积极思考就要做到专心听讲。上课不要去苦心思索上节课没有解决的问题,而是要集中精力学好本节的内容,否则就会造成恶性循环。
3.1要以理解为主。听讲的目的,就是要听懂老师讲解的内容。有些学生听讲时分不清主次体,结果抓住了芝麻,却丢掉了西瓜。课堂上听是主体,原则是先听清楚再思考,思考懂了再做笔记,不要只顾思考和做笔记而忘记了听讲或顾不上听讲。
3.2要有比较地听讲。听课中,要把自己在预习自学中的理解,和老师讲解的相比较,看自己和老师有哪些相同点和区别点论文提纲格式。通过这种比较,肯定会让你加深理解。
3.3要细心领会老师所讲的第一个细节。在细节上看老师是怎样思考、分析、判断和处理。越是细小的重要细节,就越能学习到更多的知识。
3.4要积极的回答问题。老师的提问往往是教材中的重点、难点或需要引起特别注意的地方,要快速思考、积极发言。在别的同学回答问题时,也要精力集中,边听边分析正误,留心不完善的或有错的地方,随时准备补充和纠正。上课不仅仅是老师向学生单方面传递知识的过程,而且是老师和学生相互交流信息的过程。其中的主要形式之一,就是老师提问,学生回答。这样做,一方面可调动大家的积极性,启发大家思考中学英语教学论文,提高听课效率;另一方面还能锻炼同学们的语言表达能力和大脑的快速反应能力,将被动的听课变为主动的参与。因此,你可不要失去这样的好机会!要随时准备积极发言。
大家普遍感到英语单词难记,或许你也会有这样的感觉:如果你把很多的单词分出来单个背的时候,很快就容易记住,但忘的速度却比记的速度要快。所以,在课堂上一定要注意听老师讲记忆单词的方法。如合成、派生、转义方法;单词辨异;拼读规则;同义归类、同音归类、同义词反义词归类;动词过去式、过去分词的变化规律归类进行记忆。还有一种方法就是像学习我们自己的母语一样,通过文章和句子来学习单词。这也是一种非常有效的学习英语的方法,当然适不适合你,只有你试过之后才能知道。
搞好学法指导工作是老师第一重要的事情,教师只有指导学生运用正确的学习方法去学习,才能充分调动他们的积极性,才能充分发挥他们的智力,调动认识能力,挖掘潜力,提高学习效率,获得最佳学习效果。
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