benefit形容词范文

时间:2023-03-26 07:36:20

导语:如何才能写好一篇benefit形容词,这就需要搜集整理更多的资料和文献,欢迎阅读由公务员之家整理的十篇范文,供你借鉴。

篇1

典例:China Chinese;apan apanese。

巧记2:有些地名变成形容词,后边加ian才能行。

妙解:有些地名变形容词时在后边加ian即可。

典例:Italy Italian,Egypt Egyptian

巧记:以a结尾的词表地名,后加n可变成形容词。

典例:Asia Asian;Africa African;America American,Austria Austrian

巧记4:有些地名,后加ish可变成形容词。

典例:Britain British,England English,但是Wales Welsh(威尔士的)是例外。

巧记5:ful前加名词,就能构成形容词。

妙解:名词后加ful即可变成形容词,表示“具有某特点的”“充满……的”。

典例:use useful,care careful,help helpful,joy joyful,但handful和mouthful为量词。

巧记6:表称呼的词,后加ly构成形容词;表示时间的各名词,后加ly构成形容词。

典例:father fatherly,mother motherly

但也有特殊的,如:love lovely;like likely;order orderly;dead deadly;live lively。

巧记7:某些物质名词后加en可以变成形容词。

典例:wood wooden;gold golden

巧记8:某些名词后加上ous可以变成形容词。

典例:fame famous;poison poisonous

巧记9:表示天气的各个名词和其它一些名词后加y可以变成形容词。

典例:wind windy,cloud cloudy

其它名词,如:dirt dirty,hunger hungry,anger angry,thirst thirsty

巧记10: ture结尾的各名词,去e加al变成形容词。

典例:agriculture agricultural;culture cultural

巧记11:学科名词以及其它一些名词加cal可以变成形容词。

典例:chemistry chemical,physics physical,politics political,ecology ecological

巧记12: less前边放名词,也可变成形容词。

典例:home homeless,fear fearless

特别注意:price priceless无价的,价值大的。[H02mm]

巧记1:ence结尾的某些名词,变成ent时就成了形容词。

典例:competence competent,silence silent,evidence evident,excellence excellent,innocence innocent

巧记14:ance结尾的某些名词,变成ant时就成了形容词。

典例:importance important;significance significant;ignorance ignorant;tolerance tolerant

巧记15:ency结尾的某些名词,变成ent时就成了形容词。

典例:fluency fluenturgency urgent

巧记16:某些以t或n结尾的名词,加al可以变成形容词。

典例:nation national,season seasonal,tradition traditional,condition conditional

巧记17:某些以t结尾的名词,加y可以变成形容词。

典例:honest honesty,modest modesty

巧记18:某些以lity结尾的名词,去ity可以变成形容词。

典例:reality real,possible possibility,ability able,responsibility responsible,但electric electricity除外

巧记19:某些以rity结尾的名词,去ity可以变成形容词。

典例:minority minor,majority major,similarity similar,priority prior

巧记20:某些以ce结尾的名词,把ce变成cial就成了形容词。

篇2

关键词: 商务英语 语境 英译汉

语境(context),即“语言环境”,是交际过程中的双方都相互明白的认知环境,即使说话产生含义的情况。一般词典给它下的定义是:说话的现实情境。英国著名人类学家Malinowski在研究语言时把“语境分为情景语境和文化语境两大类,前者指讲话人涉及的实际发生的事,即语言发生的实际环境,后者指讲话者所处的社会文化环境”。

本文所指的“情境语境”,就是外贸情景中对话所处的语言环境,属于一种国际商务氛围,具有浓厚的国际贸易气息,它涉及实际的外贸谈判细节。语境是千变万化的,在商务谈判时,要考虑说话者的文化背景、社会地位、价值观念、驾驭语言的能力和遣词造句的倾向等诸多因素。话语含义的产生离不开语境,翻译时,应注意说话者的话题、说话者的话语方式,以及说话者和听话者的社会关系和交际目的。本文着重探讨的是情景语境与商务英语对话汉译的技巧之间的关系。

以下就从商务英语对话中所使用的不同词类进行分析。

1.有些名词的翻译要注意从商业语境角度来选择正确的词义解释。例如下面一例是谈论关于保险的问题:

A:I see.Now,for this particular article,what risks do you usually cover?

B:We usually insure against All Risks for 110% of the invoice value.

(A:我明白了。那么我们这批货,你们通常投保什么险呢?)

(B: 我们通常按发票金额的110%投保一切险。)

原文中的“article”是一词多义词,有“文章”、“论文”、“冠词”、“商品”等词义,要译为何义,就得从当时的情景语境和上下文考虑,显然应译为“商品”,才符合原文所讲的内容。即使不懂得这里“article”的意思,也可以从上下文了解。

如双方谈及供货问题:

A:How about the supply position of your products?

B:We have a steady supply for most of them.

(A:你方产品供货情况怎么样?)

(B:多数产品货源稳定。)

回答者用“steady supply”来表示供货情况,译为“货源稳定”。这样翻译不仅能够清楚表示商品供货充足,而且译出了中文的特色,使语言描述更加到位、恰当。

另外还有许多名词性词组,如果能够译成成语和通俗用语,就更能体现汉语的特色了。特别是当展现产品的优点和特色时,经常会用到。比如“fast color”译为“永不褪色”,“fashionable patterns”译为“花色入时”,“sophisticated technology”译为“工艺精良”等。这些短语都是置于介绍产品语境下的最佳解释,让人感觉这些产品无可挑剔,这是卖方销售产品的技巧之一。

又如:“Quality is something we never neglect.We are not in business for‘a quick killing’.Good quality ensures continued sales.”这一句可译为:“我们一直十分重视质量,我们不做那种赶风头,捞一票的生意。商品质量好,才能不断有销路。”译文生动地说明了:只有质量好,销路才会好。这是商业最佳手段之一。而“赶风头,捞一票”形象地说明没有质量,就不可能有好的销路。若了解中文的俗语,并能应用自如,巧妙运用这样的解释,就能使读者立即鲜明地了解文中的确切意思。这就要求学生翻译时,把思维融入语言环境中,译出汉语的各种特色。

2.形容词在商务英语对话中经常出现,应用非常灵活。选择什么词义来解释十分关键。在汉译中要将形容词置于

当时的情境语境中,与句子其他成分联系起来翻译。

如谈话双方在谈及报价时:

A:Thank you.How long will this offer be open?

B:It’s valid for three days.

(A:谢谢。这个报价的有效期多长?)

(B:三天。)

A句中的“open”是个形容词,也是一词多义。除了字典上的解释外,还可根据不同的情景灵活解释,使其更加得体。从上下文和B中,“valid”译为“有效的”,可知“open”也应译为“有效的”。而译文中形容词“有效的”灵活转译为名词“有效期”,这样能使中文的句子更通顺易懂。此段对话是在谈报价问题,这是一笔生意的开始也是重要的有决定意义的细节。类似“open”的还有“good”、“firm”等词,这三个词都具有灵活性和通俗性。如:

A:The market at our end has become pretty competitive.In order to sell successfully there,your goods will have to be competitive in price as well.

B:You’ll find our prices very attractive.

(A:我地市场竞争很激烈,为了成功销售,你们的报价必须具有竞争力。)

(B:你们会发现我们的价格很有吸引力。)

以上对话谈论的还有价格问题,但也联系到市场销售,说明价格高低直接影响到市场竞争。“pretty”在这里是副词,也有多个词义,它用于修饰形容词“competitive”,从市场竞争角度,译为“激烈地”是最恰当不过了。而keen和sharp等形容词与“pretty”同义,用来修饰名词“competitive”,也译为竞争激烈。

3.动词的翻译也要从商务英语对话的语境中考虑,才能更加形象和贴切。如:

A:As we do business on the basis of mutual benefit,I suggest somewhere around 270 Francs per metric ton FOB Marsellies.

B:I’m sorry,the difference between our price and your counter offer is too wide.It’s impossible for us to entertain your counter offer,I’m afraid.

(A: 因为我们在互利的基础上做交易,我建议每公吨马赛船上交货价为270法郎左右。)

(B:很遗憾,我们的价格与你方还盘之间的差距太大,恐怕不可能接受你们的还盘。)

动词“entertain”是一词多义词,词义有“招待”、“娱乐”等,但此处不可能作此解释。从原文中可知,外贸情景对话中,在还盘阶段,对于价格,动词搭配常用“接受”与“不接受”,这是习惯自然的说法,而用其它词义就不通,这说明语境决定了词义的选择。另外,结构为“动词+介词”的动词短语也十分常见。例如:

A:To tell you frankly,a letter of credit with a bank,I have to pay a deposit.That’ll tie up my money and add to my cost.

B:Consult your bank and see if they will reduce the required deposit to a minimum.

(A:坦率地说,信用证会增加我方进口货的成本,要在银行开立信用证,我得付一笔押金。这样,那一部分资金就无法周转了,因此会增加成本。)

(B:你和开证行商量一下,是否把押金设法减少到最低限度。)

“tie up”这一动词词组,词义有“中断”、“联合”、“堵塞”等,但这些词义都无法解释此句中的“tie up”。从原文中可知与资金有关,而A由于资金周转不灵,无法选信用证为付款方式。因为这样就会束缚资金,在商界中俗称“压资金”。

4.介词在外贸英语对话中也不少见,让我们先看一例子,再进行分析:

A:It’s still too high.

B:Our quality is far beyond comparison.Besides,the market is advancing.Our goods can always find a good sale .

(A:还是太高。)

(B:我们的质量是无与伦比的。而且行市上涨,我们的货物销路一直很好。)

B中的“far beyond comparison”译为“无与伦比”,不仅译出其义,而且有很强的肯定意义。英文有它的表现手法,而中文会用有点夸张的手法修饰产品的优点,让人觉得无可挑剔。对话A中说价格过高,想减价。而B用无与伦比的质量水平抵住他的讨价还价,从B的下半句“the market is advancing.Our goods can always find a good sale.”得知描述质量是何等的好。所以用“无与伦比”再恰当不过了。类似这一情况的,中文中常见,因为它们形象突出、通俗生动。若读者反应敏捷,能及时得知对方的想法。

从上述举例论证中可知,在为外贸谈判作汉译时,无论是用名词、动词还是形容词、介词,都要看处在什么样的情景语境,并以此来选择恰当贴切的词义进行翻译。外贸情景对话汉译的主要目的是交流情况,沟通思想,表达情绪。为使汉译达到这种目的,就应想方设法使译文与原文达到最大程度的相近,起到等效翻译的作用。翻译时尽可能了解相关背景知识,参阅上下文来进行合乎逻辑的分析。另外说话人的情绪、感情和态度也关系到对话的汉译。由此可见,外贸英语对话的汉译在注意语境的同时也要注意这些要求,并渗入在译文中,从而正确理解和解释原文的意义。另一方面,我们还应进一步了解中国和英语国家各自的风俗习惯、价值观念等文化差异,只有这样,才能准确高效地进行翻译,更好地促进对外交流和国际贸易。

参考文献:

[1]王秀卿.等效翻译中的语境与语域取向[J].国外外语教学,2002,第3期.

[2]白文昌.语言文化差异与翻译交际[J].外语学刊,2002,第2期.

篇3

关键词: 会计英语语言特点翻译

经济越发展,会计越重要。随着全球化进程的加快,会计英语作为国际贸易交往的通用语言,发挥着重要的中介作用。越来越多的财会人员要求学习和掌握会计专业英语,用英语处理会计工作。会计英语有其自身的一些特点,除了专业术语和特殊句法外,还包括用英语特殊形式表达的会计凭证、会计帐薄、会计报表等帐表单据。因此,研究会计英语,掌握会计英语的语言特点及翻译方法,将英语和会计知识融会贯通,可以提高我们阅读会计英语文献和运用英语处理会计业务的能力。

1.会计英语的词汇特点及翻译方法

1.1大量使用术语

会计是在对财务活动和成本资料的收集、分类和报告的基础上,形成协助管理决策的信息系统。在会计文献中大量使用会计专用术语,这些术语精练、严谨。除单词术语外,其短语术语有不同的结构组合。

1.1.1名词+名词

例如:profit control(利润控制),book value(帐面价值),debt capital(借入资本),cost accounting(成本会计),cash balance(现金余额),store fixtures(店面装置),journal entry(日记帐分录),merchandise inventory(商品盘存),piece wage(计件工资),money order(汇票),check stub(支票存根),work sheet(工作底表)。

以上这些例子中,将名词当作形容词作前置定语,这在会计英语中非常普遍。翻译这种结构的术语时,一般用直译法,一方面要准确地表达原文的意思,另一方面要使它符合汉语的习惯说法。例如:income statement应翻译为“损益表”而不是“收益表”;balance sheet应翻译为“资产负债表”而不是“平衡表”。

1.1.2名词+介语短语

为了达到“明确”和“简练”的要求,会计英语的词汇较多使用了名词+介词短语的结构,介词短语通常作名词的后置定语。翻译过程中,注意中心词一般是放在前面的名词。例如:profit after tax(税后利润),loss on sales(销货亏损),invoice for sales(销货发票),gross profit on sales(销货毛利),sales on credit terms(赊销),deposit in bank(银行存款),level of income(收益水平),goods on hand(库存商品),supplies on hand(在用物料)等。

1.1.3形容词+名词/名词+形容词

形容词修饰名词的短语无论是在专业英语中还是在普通英语中都大量存在,是最常见的短语形式,例如:gross profit(毛利),indirect cost(间接成本),extraordinary items(非常项目),intangible asset(无形资产)等。还有些动词加上后缀-able之后变成形容词,表示“能够……;适于……;可……;应……”。例如:receive(收到、接受)加上-able成为receivable,其意义也相应成为“能收的、应收的”;同样pay(付款、支付)加上-able也相应成为“应付的”。这里要特别提到的是,动词后缀有-able所形成的形容词,和一般形容词不同,在修饰名词时,它不在名词之前而在名词之后。例如accounts receivable(应收帐款),accounts payable(应付帐款),notes receivable(应收票据),notes payable(应付票据)等。

1.1.4分词+名词

为了明确所描述的对象,会计英语中较多地使用分词作定语。现在分词含有“主动、正在进行”的含义,过去分词含有“被动、已完成”的意义,但翻译时不需将这种意思翻译出来,只将分词看作是形容词来翻译。例如:beginning inventory(期初存货),closing procedure(结账程序),sinking fund(偿债基金),financing activities(筹资活动),accrued revenue(应计收入),semifinished parts(半成品),deferred credit(递延贷项),fixed assets(固定资产),authorized stock(额定股本),preferred stock(优先股)等。

1.1.5合成形容词+名词

合成词的特点是构词结构形象,词义一目了然,非常符合会计专业英语的特点。例如:break-even point(保本点),straight-line method(直线法),long-term asset(长期资产),current-noncurrent method(流动与非流动项目法),paid-in capital(缴入资本),wage-bracket table(工资税级表),cost-benefit data(成本―效益数据)等。

1.2缩略词

社会不断发展,新的概念和术语不断涌现,会计专业词汇日趋丰富和复杂。为了提高工作效率,使信息传递更为便利,会计英语中使用了较多的缩略词,这些缩略词多出现在各种会计凭证、帐薄和报表中,使帐表单据的编制更简单明了。翻译缩略词应了解缩略词的全称并理解缩略词的意义,同时要熟悉相关的会计凭证与报表,这些都有助于迅速地准确地翻译。

例如:Dr.――debit record(借记),Cr.――credit record(贷记)

P.R.――Post.Ref.――Posting Reference(过帐记号)

Acct.No.――Account Number(帐号)

D.L.hours――direct labor hours(直接人工工时)

Bal.――balance(余额)

Depn.――depreciation(折旧)

Dis.――discount(折扣)

Doc.――document(单据、凭证)

CVP analysis――cost-volume-profit analysis(本―量―利分析)

Inv’t――inventory(存货、盘存)

N.S.F.――not sufficient funds(存款不足)

V.A.T.――value added Tax(增值税)

1.3一词多义与单义性

会计英语隶属于专门用途英语(ESP)的分支――经贸英语(EBE)。和其它专业英语一样,会计英语中存在着共核通用词,这些词汇在不同情况下有不同的含义,例如:claim在普通英语(GE)中有“要求,索取,声称,断言”等意思。而在会计英语中,除了以上意思外还有“债权,求偿权,索赔”等多个意思。类似的词还有:outstanding(GE:杰出的),outstanding stock (EBE:外发股份),outstanding check(EBE:未兑付支票);consideration(GE:考虑;EBE:对价,报酬);inventory(GE:目录;EBE:盘存清单,财产目录);discount(GE:折扣;EBE:折扣,贴现)等。在翻译时,应注意一些使用频繁的词汇很容易被误译,须结合上下文来理解这些词汇的意思。

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同时,会计英语的另一部分词汇具有单一、专用的特点。一个概念只有一个固定的术语,即“一词一义”。例如:dividend(股利),liquidation(清算),amortization(摊销),leasehold(租赁权),voucher(应付凭单),accruals(应计项目),deferrals(递延项目),budget(预算)等。

2.会计英语的句法特点及翻译方法

2.1句子结构简洁明确

会计英语中的句子要陈述事实,力求准确直白,因此较多使用非谓语动词、介语短语、不定式短语等来代替句子中的定语从句、状语从句。句子结构紧密且简洁明了。

例如:

1)The accumulated portion of the cost taken as depreciation to date is subtracted from its original cost to obtain the book value of assets.(解析:过去分词作后置定语,相当于定语从句,译成所修饰名词的前置附加语)

译文:作为至今为止因折旧而注销的那部份累计成本,应从各相关资产的原始成本中减去,以得出其账面价值。

2)With the exception of site land,the use of long-term assets to generate revenues tends to consume their economic potential.(解析:介词短语在句子中可充当不同的语法成分,在翻译中,要正确表达介词短语的关系,必须首先判断其语法功用,此句的介词短语在句子中作状语,表示背景情况。另外,不定式短语“to generate revenues”在此句子中作目的状语,可采用顺译法并添加“以”“使”这类的词。)

译文:除地基用土地外,在使用长期资产以产生收入时,势必消耗其经济潜力。

3)At the end of April,accumulated depreciation would have a balance of $375,representing three month’s accumulated depreciation.(解析:现在分词作定语,相当于一个非限制性定语从句,对整个主句加以补充说明,可顺译为并列分句。)

译文:到4月末,累计折旧将会有375美元余额,代表3个月的累计折旧数额。

2.2大量使用被动语态

会计英语文献主要是客观地陈述理论及会计事务,力求准确地表达事物的本质与特征,因此会计英语文献通常使用非人称的语气来作客观阐述,较多地使用被动句。由于被动句可以省略施动者,因此当施动者是上文已提到的、显而易见的、或是无关紧要的时候,就可省略。在达到客观性的同时,又使传递的信息简洁化,利于信息的传递。例如:

1)When an asset is disposed of,the related original cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts.

译文:当要清理某项资产时,要将有关的原始成本和累计折旧从该帐户注销。

2)Equal debits and credits have been recorded for all transactions.

译文:将所有交易的借方和贷方都记录帐上。

解析:汉语中较少使用被动语态,因此在将被动句翻译成汉语时,多译成无人称句,将原来的主语转译成宾语。这些被动句句中通常没有介词引导的行为主体。

3)One record is generated by the firms recordkeeping procedures and another is furnished by the bank.

译文:一份记录是由企业的薄记程序产生的;另一份记录则由银行提供。

4)At the end of each accounting year,these temporary accounts will be closed.

译文:在每一会计年度终结时,这些暂时性账户应予结清。

5)Since the declaration and payment of a dividend reduce the stockholders’equity,the dividend could be recorded by debiting the Retained Earnings account.

译文:由于宣布和发放股利减少企业的所有者的权益,发放股利时,可以通过借记“留存收益”帐户来加以记录。

解析:当英语句子本身强调动作的承受者时,为了忠实于原文,翻译时也应该使用汉语的被动语态,除了用“被”字来表达被动语态,还可以使用“受”、“由”、“给”、“加以”等字来表述。

6)Any group of similar accounts may be removed from the general ledger and a controlling account substituted for it.

译文:任何类似的帐户都可以从总分类帐中剔出,以统制帐户取而代之。

7)The costs related to the use of long-term assets must be properly calculated and matched against the revenues the assets help generate.

译文:与使用长期资产有关的成本,必须恰当地计算,并与这些资产帮助产生的收入相匹配。

解析:当被动句的主语为无生命名词,句中没有介词引导的行为主体时,在翻译过程中,无需改动主语与句子结构,直接采取主动语态的形式。

2.3使用复杂长句

会计英语是用严密的逻辑推理形式来表述的,为了说明原理的内在特征和相互之间的联系,以及会计本身的复杂性和综合性,会计英语文献中也较多使用复杂的长句式。这类句子中常包括多个从句或包括多重修饰成分,一层叠一层,使得整个句子从表面上看错综复杂,而实际上形成一个树型结构。在翻译时通常先要找到句子的主干,然后再层层分析,理顺各成分彼此之间的联系,才能准确、通顺地翻译原文。还可根据具体情况采用顺译、倒译、分译、增译、省译等翻译方法。例如:

1)Enterprises that choose not to show operating cash receipts and payments are required to report the same amount net cash flows operating activities indirectly by adjusting net income to reconcile it to net cash flows from operating activities by removing the effects of(1)all deferrals of past operating cash receipts an payments and all accruals of expected future operating cash receipts and payments and(2)all items that are included in net income but do not affect operating cash receipts and payments.

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译文:对于那些不去反映经营中的现金收入和支出项目的企业,则要求它们间接地通过把净收益调节为来自经营活动的现金净流量的方法,报告相同的来自经营活动的现金净流量金额。这就要消除:(1)过去经营中现金收入和支出的所有递延项目和未来经营中预期现金收入和支出的所有应计项目的影响;(2)已包括在净收益中,但不影响经营中现金收入和支出的所有项目的影响。

解析:其中句子的主干是:Enterprises are required to report the same amount of net cash flows.英文原文只是一个句子,但这个句子中有两个由by引导的状语,这就为拆分句子打下了基础,由于第二个by引导的状语与主语的关系较为松散,因此译为两个中文句子。

2)Job order cost accounting is appropriate when production is characterized by a discontinuous series of products or jobs undertaken either to fill specific orders from customers or for a general stock of products from which future orders will be filled.

译文:当生产的特征是不连续的产品系列,或者是,所承担的工作是为了供应顾客的特定定货,或为了供应未来定货而一般地储存产品时,分批成本会计将是适宜的。

解析:此句的主句很简单,是一个主-系-表结构的句子。从句是一个用连词when引导的时间状语从句。由于英汉两种语言在语序上有各自的特点:英语句子通常是先主句后从句,时间状语放在句中后部,结果在前,原因在后;推论在前,条件在后。而汉语句子多数是先表述时间后叙述事件,原因在前,结果在后;条件在前,推论在后。因此,可以用倒译法先将when引导的时间状语从句翻译出来,放在句子的前面,最后才翻译主句部分。翻译过程中还要注意词性的转换,此句中的动词“characterize”可转换成汉语的名词,以达到译文明确、通顺的目的。

3.会计凭证、帐薄和报表的特点及翻译

一个企业在一个会计期内必须经过编审凭证、分录、记帐、试算、调整、结帐和编表等一系列会计程序,它们都是以表格的形式对日常会计处理工作进行高度的概括。这其中包括了:原始凭证、发票、支票、银行对账单、日记账、试算表、资产负债表、损益表、现金流量表等几十余种。这些表格十分简洁,特别是财务报表,通常用三、四页纸就把一个公司某一特定期间内,如一年的财务活动概括出来。由于种类和功能不同,这些帐表单据都采用不同于其它的固定格式和固定的项目以体现其规范性。为了使表格的内容简洁明了,语言上主要使用短语、词组和缩略词。在翻译时,首先必须严格遵守原文表格的格式,并根据单据的种类来正确理解词义,利用会计专业知识来确定术语的翻译,力求忠实于原文。例如:

参考文献:

[1]常勋,.会计专业英语[M].上海:立信会计出版社,2006.

[2]孙坤,胡英坤.会计英语[M].沈阳:东北财经大学出版社,1996.

[3]邹力,李育.商务英语翻译教程(笔译)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005.

[4]许建忠.工商企业翻译实物[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.

[5]范武邱.实用科技英语翻译讲评[M].北京:外文出版社,2001.

[6]叶子南.高级英汉翻译理论与实践[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2001.

篇4

《新托福考试官方指南》(第三版)针对写作部分首尾段的写作给出了如下提示:“Do not ‘memorize’ long introductory and concluding paragraphs just to add words to your essay. Raters will not look favorably on wordy introductory and concluding paragraphs such as the following: ‘The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement, namely creating a new holiday for people, cannot be underestimated as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands, the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However, although the subject matter in general cannot be dismissed lightheartedly, the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practical application.’”评卷人引用的这个首段表述虽然词汇和句式结构很复杂,但是内容非常空洞、冗余,评卷人不会接受这样的首段写法。

那么,如何才能快速且高质量地写出托福独立写作的首段呢?根据笔者的教学经验,考生如果遵循下面的五个步骤,就能比较容易地在五分钟左右的时间内写出个性化的首段。这样既能够为后文主体段的发挥留下充足的时间,也能够给评卷人留下较好的第一印象。

第一步写背景

背景就是写作题目中的问题产生的前提条件。写背景时,考生需要仔细审题,抓住题目中的关键词,写出一个宏观但能够反映“题眼”的句子,这样才不会一开始就给评卷人留下套用模板和内容死板的印象。同时,考生也要注意,写背景句时保持态度中立,不应该有观点的偏向性,这样便于首段后面几个步骤的写作。

以下面这道题目为例:“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way for the government to reduce air pollution is to raise the cost of fuel (petrol) for cars.”这道题目探讨的问题是提高油价是不是政府减轻空气污染的最好方式。这个问题产生的前提是当前空气污染比较严重,所以考生可以针对空气污染来写一个态度中立的背景句:“随着工业化的发展和私家车的普及,空气污染越来越严重。”

在写背景句时,考生可以用“状语前置”或者“状语中置”(把状语放在主谓之间作插入语)的方式来丰富语言。用于引出背景句的状语可以是副词,比如recently、currently、presently、nowadays等,也可以是介词短语作状语的形式,比如in the contemporary time、during recent years、over the past decades、in this competitive society、in the present time and age、with the advancement of commercialization/industrialization/globalization、with the popularity of、with the prevalence of等。

针对上面的题目,背景句可以写成:“Over the past decades, with the advancement of industrialization and the prevalence of private cars, air pollution has become an increasingly severe problem.”为了丰富语言的形式,考生也可以将状语放在主谓之间作插入语,写成如下句子:“Air pollution, over the past decades, with the advancement of industrialization and the prevalence of private cars, has become an increasingly severe problem.”

需要注意的是,背景句在内容上一定要个性化,也就是要结合写作题目中的关键词来写,而不能用类似“随着经济社会发展……”这样过于宽泛的句子来写所有题目,否则就会有套用模板之嫌。

第二步引出争议话题

在这一步,考生只要把写作题目中需要讨论的争议话题改写成一般疑问句或是特殊疑问句的形式即可。考生要注意,一定是“改写”,而不是照抄原来的题目。通常来说,考生可以从词和句式入手来改写。

词的改写方法有以下几种。

1. 同义词替换。比如important这个常用词可以用crucial、essential等同义词来替换,pollution可以用contamination来替换。

2. 词性转化。比如“be +形容词”可以改写成“be + of +名词”的形式,像be beneficial就可以改写为be of great benefit。

3. 词和短语之间的转化。比如consider这个词可以用短语“take … into consideration/account”来替换。

4. 增加适当的修饰语。可以增加形容词来修饰名词,或者增加副词来修饰动词、形容词或副词,但要注意不可扭曲原意。比如air pollution前面可以加上一个形容词写成serious air pollution,也可以再加上一个副词来修饰形容词,写成increasingly serious air pollution。再比如,reduce air pollution前面可以加上一个副词来修饰动词,写成effectively reduce air pollution。

除了词的改写,考生还可以通过“主语多样化”的方式来改写主题句。能够作主语的有名词、代词、动名词、不定式、主语从句、it形式主语等。同一个句子可以变换不同的主语形式来表达,从而实现句式的多样化。比如“We should protect the environment.”这句话的主语是代词we,通过变换主语可以将这句话改写成下面几个句子。

Protecting the environment is imperative for us.

(动名词作主语)

To protect the environment is essential for us.

(不定式作主语)

What is important for us is to protect the environment.

(主语从句做主语)

It is imperative for us to protect the environment.

(it作形式主语,不定式作真正的主语)

It is imperative that we protect the environment.

(it作形式主语,主语从句作真正的主语)

上面几句话表达的是同样的意思,可见,通过变换主语形式来改写就可以避免句式重复、单调。考生可以用上述方法把文章开头题目中的句子改写成一般疑问句,如:“Is raising the price of petrol for cars the best method for the government to effectively curb increasingly severe air contamination?”也可以改写成特殊疑问句,比如:“How can the government effectively curb the increasingly severe air pollution?”这样既引出了争议话题,又避免了重复题目中的原话。考生也可以根据不同的题目用这样的方法灵活改写话题句。

第三步提出反方观点

考生审题并构思出自己的观点立场后,可以在表述个人观点之前,先提出和自己不一样的观点作为铺垫。比如针对文章开头的题目,考生如果觉得提升油价不是降低空气污染的最好方式,那么可以先说“有些人认为提升油价是最好的方式”。此时,考生可以用丰富多样的语言形式来表达反方观点,必要时也可以表达反方的主要理由。

在表达反方观点时,很多考生会用“Some people think …”之类的句子。为了更个性化一点,考生可以根据不同的写作题目,把people这个词改写成具体化的人,比如environmentalists、politicians、educators、college students、parents等,以此来丰富写作的词汇。此外,think这个词用得也比较多,考生可以积累一些近义词,如contend、insist、claim、state、maintain、believe、hold等,在合适的情况下进行替换。

另外,考生在表达反方观点或理由时也可以选择更加多样的句式,比如下面这些句式。

It is suggested by some people that … (主语从句)

There is an opinion among some people that … (同位语从句)

The opinion held by some people is that … (表语从句)

The opinion that … (同位语从句) is circulating among some people who claim that … (宾语从句)

Reasoning that … (宾语从句), some people maintain that … (宾语从句)

Some people, reasoning that … (宾语从句,插在主谓之间), state that … (宾语从句)

Based on the reason that … (同位语从句), some people suggest that … (宾语从句)

With the consideration that … (同位语从句), some people hold that … (宾语从句)

Some people, convinced that … (宾语从句,插在主谓之间), suggest that … (宾语从句)

考生可以用上面这些多样的句式来表达反方观点或理由。比如针对文章开头的写作题目,考生在表达反方观点时就可以说:“It is suggested by some environmentalists that raising the price of petrol for cars is the most effective approach for the government to address the serious air pollution.”如果考生想在表达反方观点的同时也简要给出理由,可以这样写:“Reasoning that it is private cars that mainly cause air pollution, some experts insist that increasing the price of petrol for cars should be the most effective method for the government to reduce air pollution.”

第四步转入个人观点

在提出反方观点之后,考生可以通过转折句转入个人观点,并清楚地表述自己的立场,这是最重要的也是不可省略的步骤。表达转折时,考生可以用however、nevertheless、nonetheless等词。表达个人立场时,考生可以用下面这些词组:in my opinion、from my point of view、from my personal perspective、personally speaking、to my knowledge、as far as I know、as far as I am concerned等。考生也可以结合一定的状语形式来表达个人立场,如下所示。

Based on my knowledge and experience, I believe that …

Based on my experience and observation, I believe that …

Based on my analysis and judgment, I believe that …

比如,针对文章开头的写作题目,如果考生不同意题干中的观点,就可以这样表述个人观点:“Nevertheless, based on my analysis and judgment, increasing the price of fuel for cars is not the most reasonable way.”

第五步过渡到正文

过渡句的作用是承上启下,考生如果在前面四个步骤中写的内容已经足够多,也可以省略这个步骤。笔者在此提供一个过渡句的句式,并列出可用于替换的单词,考生可以酌情替换使用。为方便考生阅读和理解,现将这个句子分割展示如下。

In the following/subsequent paragraphs,

I will present/demonstrate/provide/render/elaborate/illuminate/elucidate/explicate

some compelling/convincing/persuasive reasons

and concrete/appropriate/specific/related/typical examples

to prove/substantiate/justify/verify/champion/bolster

my standpoint/position/view/point/opinion/perspective.

当然,在丰富语言的同时,考生要注意语言是为内容服务的,语言与内容必须相匹配。考生如果在首段的过渡句中写了convincing reasons and typical examples,那么在下文的主体段中一定要给出真正有说服力的理由和足够典型的例子,不能只是靠表面的语言装饰,否则就算词汇和句式再复杂、再丰富,也得不了高分。

经过上面的分析,本文开头的题目可以根据文中所述的五个步骤写成完整的首段,如下所示。

篇5

笔者将以此次考试真题为例来具体讲解汉译英时的以下五种翻译技巧。

给长句断句

汉语中的一个长句中往往包含多个分句,汉译英时若很难将多个分句合并译为一个英语长句,考生可尝试对汉语长句适当断句。关系较为紧密的分句应该合并译为一个英语句子,而关系较为松散的分句则可尝试将其断开。下面我们来看几个例句。

例1:中国应进一步发展核能,因为核电目前只占其总发电量的2%,该比例在所有核国家中居第30位,几乎是最低的。

评析:原文分句较多,其中前两个分句为因果关系,关系较为紧密,汉译英时可以用because、for等表示因果关系的连接词将它们合并译为一个英语长句。后两个分句的关系也很紧密,第四个分句是对第三个分句的补充说明,汉译英时可以将第四个分句译为名词短语,作为第三个分句的同位语,起补充说明作用。如此一来,原文的长句在汉译英时断为两部分,条理清晰、意义明确。

参考译文:China should further develop nuclear energy, for nuclear power accounts for only 2 percent of the total volume of China’s current energy production. This proportion makes China rank 30th out of all nuclear-capable countries, almost the lowest in the list.

例2:阅读对于中小学生尤为重要,假如他们没有在这个关键时期培养阅读的兴趣,以后要培养成阅读的习惯就很难了。

评析:原文第一个分句较为独立,汉译英时可将其译为一个独立的英语句子。原文后两个分句的关系比较紧密,又因第二个分句提出了一种“假设”,因此汉译英时可尝试将第二个分句译为if引导的状语从句,将最后一个分句译为主句。

参考译文:Reading is of great importance to students in elementary and secondary schools. If they don’t develop an interest in reading at this critical stage, it will be quite difficult for them to develop the habit of reading later on.

关注时态和语态

时态和语态也是汉译英时考生需要关注的问题,比如,若句子的时间状语涉及过去,译文要采用一般过去时;若句子的时间状语由过去延续到现在或对现在产生影响,译文要采用现在完成时。另外,汉语中有不少句子虽然没有表示被动的标志性词语,但主语和谓语之间却存在被动关系,汉译英时仍然需要采用被动语态。下面我们来看几个例句。

例1:中国教育工作者早就认识到读书对于国家的重要意义。有些教育工作者2003年就建议设立全民读书日。

评析:原文第一个句子中的谓语“早就认识到”说明情况在过去就已发生,延续到现在,因此汉译英时译文应采用现在完成时。第二个句子的时间状语“2003年”为过去的时间,其译文应采用一般过去时。

参考译文:Chinese educators have long realized the importance of reading for the country. As early as 2003, some educators recommended the establishment of a national reading day.

例2:换句话说,核能是可以完全开发和利用的。

评析:原文中的“核能”和“可以完全开发和利用”之间虽然没有表示被动关系的词语,但两者存在被动关系,所以译文要采用被动语态。

参考译文:In other words, nuclear energy can now be fully developed and utilized.

注意调整语序

汉译英时需要正确调整语序,尤其在中文句子的定语和状语较多、较长的情况下,考生需要先确定出短语的中心词,而后将修饰成分重新安排,译出流畅的译文。

例:一些为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的学生如今又回到本地农村学校就读。

评析:原文“为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的学生”中,中心词为“学生”,定语非常复杂,汉译英时可将其处理为定语从句,按照从后往前的顺序层层处理定语,先译“转往城市上学”,再译“为接受更好教育”。此外,汉语中的动词较多,汉译英时可适当省略,如“为接受更好教育”可简化为for a better education。

参考译文:As a result, some students who had initially transferred to urban schools for a better education have returned to their country homes to be educated in local schools.

避免中式英语

在汉语中,“让”字句和“使”字句出现频率较高,将其译成英文时,不少考生常用let和make去对应,这样就会使译文的中式英语痕迹较重。在翻译这类句型时,考生可以使用一些英语及物动词,或省略“让”字或者“使”字,以使译文更为地道。

例:这些资金用于改善教学设施、购买书籍,使16万多所中小学受益。

评析:原文中的“使……受益”可以结合起来译为“benefit …”,又因“使”字所在的分句体现了一种目的,汉译英时可以为此分句添加表示目的的连接词so as to或in order to,衔接到前文上。

参考译文:The funds are being used to upgrade teaching facilities and purchase books so as to benefit over 160,000 elementary and secondary schools.

采用亮点句型和结构

在翻译中文句子时,英语译文可适当采用一些地道的英语句型和结构,例如倒装句、强调句、并列结构等,这些亮点句型和结构会使译文更具有表现力,帮助考生取得高分。

例1:通过阅读,人们能更好地学会感恩、有责任心和与人合作,而教育的目的正是要培养这些基本素质。

评析:英语中的并列结构具有较强的表现力,对于汉语中并列的信息,英语中可以采用并列结构翻译。例如原文中的“感恩、有责任心和与人合作”可以采用三个平行的形容词(grateful, responsible, and cooperative)来翻译,或者采用三个平行的不定式短语(to be grateful, to have a sense of responsibility, and to cooperate with others)来翻译。

参考译文:Through reading, one can learn to be grateful, responsible, and cooperative, which indeed are the essential qualities that education aims to cultivate.

例2:到2012年10月,审批才又谨慎地恢复。

评析:原文若按照英语的一般语序来翻译,可以得出如下译文:“Approval wasn’t renewed with caution until October of 2012.”如果对译文的语序适当进行调整,采用强调结构来翻译,就能使句子更具表现力。

参考译文:It was not until October of 2012 that approval was renewed with caution.

汉译英真题及参考译文

本次四级考试共出现了三道段落翻译题,内容涉及核能发展、阅读的重要性和教育公平。以下是笔者给出的真题及参考译文,仅供参考。

中国应进一步发展核能,因为核电目前只占其总发电量的2%,该比例在所有核国家中居第30位,几乎是最低的。

2011年3月日本核电站事故后,中国的核能开发停了下来,中止审批新的核电站,并开展全国性的核安全检查。到2012年10月,审批才又谨慎地恢复。

随着技术和安全措施的改进,发生核事故的可能性完全可以降到最低程度。换句话说,核能是可以完全开发和利用的。

参考译文:China should further develop nuclear energy, for nuclear power accounts for only 2 percent of the total volume of China’s current energy production. This proportion makes China rank 30th out of all nuclear-capable countries, almost the lowest in the list.

After the Japanese nuclear power station accident in March of 2011, China halted its development of nuclear energy, suspended its approval for new nuclear power plants and carried out the nuclear safety inspections across the country. It was not until October of 2012 that approval was renewed with caution.

With improvements in technology and security measures, the possibility of nuclear accidents can be reduced to a minimum. In other words, nuclear energy can be fully developed and utilized.

中国教育工作者早就认识到读书对于国家的重要意义。有些教育工作者2003年就建议设立全民读书日。他们强调,人们应当读好书,尤其是经典著作。通过阅读,人们能更好地学会感恩、有责任心和与人合作,而教育的目的正是要培养这些基本素质。阅读对于中小学生尤为重要,假如他们没有在这个关键时期培养阅读的兴趣,以后要培养成阅读的习惯就很难了。

参考译文:Chinese educators have long realized the importance of reading for the country. As early as 2003, some educators recommended the establishment of a national reading day. They stressed that people should read good books, especially classics. Through reading, one can learn to be grateful, responsible, and cooperative, which indeed are the essential qualities that education aims to cultivate. Reading is of great importance to students in elementary and secondary schools. If they don’t develop an interest in reading at this critical stage, it will be quite difficult for them to develop the habit of reading later on.

篇6

1. As soon as new film was released, it became great hit in all the big cinemas across the country.

A. a; theB. the; a

C. the; /D. a; a

2. himself in carrying out an experiment, he cant spare any time to keep his parents company at home.

A. OccupiedB. Occupy

C. OccupyingD. Having occupied

3. ―Tom is a(n) young man and he wont let us down.

―Oh, thats it. He always means what he says.

A. independentB. reliable

C. flexibleD. confident

4. His car broke down half the way back home. It was already time to go to bed he got home deep into the night.

A. sinceB. before

C. whenD. until

5. ―I find my time is so limited.

―Well, it is not surprising. You for the coming competition recently.

A. are preparingB. had prepared

C. had been preparingD. have been preparing

6. ―Mum, I cant see any point in studying hard.

―Come on, dear. Years of hard study will surely in your future career.

A. make sureB. pay off

C. bring backD. pay back

7. Please do me a favor ― my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight.

A. to inviteB. inviting

C. inviteD. invited

8. Safety in school has been of great concern because of frequent reports about accidents students got injured or killed while in school.

A. in whichB. for which

C. whichD. when

9. So convenient to pay by credit card that more and more people apply for their credit cards.

A. do people findB. people find it

C. find peopleD. do people find it

10. A love marriage, however, does not necessarily much sharing of interests and responsibilities.

A. take overB. result in

C. hold onD. keep to

11. ―You seem very familiar with Mr. John?

―Of course, we together for three years in the 1990s.

A. have workedB. had worked

C. are workingD. worked

12. A midday rest recover brain power to its best and make people perform better.

A. canB. must

C. needD. shall

13. ―How do you find James Camerons 3D version of Titanic?

―Fantastic! It cant be and has brought us a wonderful experience.

A. as impressiveB. more impressive

C. most impressiveD. so impressive

14. Loulan City is not at all a traveler who has never seen the desert before can expect.

A. thatB. where

C. whatD. which

15. ―Will you accept his proposal?

―Me? . He is the last man in the world I want to marry.

A. Not really

B. Not likely

C. Not exactly

D. Not nearly

Ⅱ. 阅读理解

第一节阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。

Encouraging pupils to keep noise to a minimum should be a valuable component of all childrens education, according to a new research.

Dr. Helen Lees, from Stirling Universitys school of education, says that “enforced(强制的)silence” is seen as a punishment and often acts to suppress childrens natural ability. But she says that teaching children about the benefits of “enforced silence”― deliberate stillness that gives them the opportunity to focus and reflect in a stressfree environment ―can have a significant effect on pupils concentration and behavior.

It is the latest in a string of researches to establish a link between the classroom environment and pupils academic ability.

A study almost a decade ago in London found that childrens exam results were cut by as much as a third if they were taught in noisy classrooms. Teaching unions have also called for a limit of 26℃ to be put on classroom temperatures because teachers and pupils struggle to work in hot conditions, and some educationalists claim that too much clutter(杂乱的东西)on classroom walls can prevent children from concentrating.

Dr. Lees said, “When we take some research on school settings and put it all together, what we see is that education without silence does not make much sense. In areas of better learning outcomes, better selfconfidence and wellbeing measures, enforced silence in a persons life and an individuals education is shown throughout the relevant research to be a benefit. ”

Dozens of schools across Britain have already introduced periods of “reflective silence” into the timetable.

Kevin Hogston, head of Sheringdale Primary, south London, has just introduced a minutes silence at the start of twiceweekly meetings in which children are taught breathing techniques and encouraged to reflect. The school plans to introduce it into classrooms every day.

16. According to Dr. Helen Lees, “enforced silence” .

A. is an effective way of punishment

B. does not make much sense in class

C. can improve pupils confidence

D. makes pupils more creative

17. The underlined word “suppress” in the second paragraph probably means “”.

A. preventB. improveC. applyD. reveal

18. What can be inferred from the research on school settings?

A. Students are more active if taught in noisy classrooms.

B. Silence makes a great difference to pupils.

C. Clutter on the walls can help students concentrate.

D. Most schools are not satisfactory in terms of classroom temperatures.

19. What would be the best title for the text?

A. Arranging classroom settings benefits studies

B. Achieving silence is beneficial for people

C. Using enforced silence is effective punishment

D. Keeping quiet in class improves academic performance

第二节根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

When I was a little girl, my mom would say, “Half the fun of doing anything is sharing it with others. ” 20 Friends and mates allow us to enjoy our successes and our joys, comfort us in our hard moments, and provide a mirror for us to learn more about ourselves. Ive always looked at friends as the family we choose. They enrich our lives. As Robert Louis Steven once said, “ 21 ”

To be a good friend or partner, its important to be a good listener. Hear what your friend or mate has to say first rather than jump to conclusions or get defensive. 22 When they hear their words repeated back to them, it can help them to realize what they said was not exactly what they meant to say.

23 You know the old golden rule, “Care for others the way you would like them to care for you. ” The support of a friend during a tough time could make the difference between success and failure. Encouragement and confidence are the gifts that can help change a persons life.

Take care, though, with whom you choose to have close relationship, for they can have a great effect on yourselfrespect and life path. As someone once told me “ 24 They will either take you up or down. ”

A. I am afraid so.

B. It is quite true.

C. Friendship is the most important factor.

D. Sometimes it is useful to be their mirror.

E. A friend is a present which you give yourself.

F. The attitudes of your friends are like the buttons on a lift.

G. Patience, sympathy and understanding are also important qualities.

答案解析

1. B【解析】考查冠词用法。句意:这部新电影一发行就在全国各地的影院获得了巨大的成功。句中第一个空处用定冠词the, 表示特指。第二个空加不定冠词,a(big/great)hit表示非常成功的影视作品、小说或演出等。

2. C【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:因为忙于进行一项实验,他不能抽出时间在家陪伴父母。occupy oneself in doing sth. 忙于某事。句中occupy动词与主句主语为逻辑上的主谓关系,故要用动词-ing形式,从句所表示的动作与主句的动作同时发生,因此要用现在分词的一般式作状语,而having occupied则表示从句的动作发生在主句之前。

3. B【解析】考查形容词辨析。句意:――汤姆是个可信赖的年轻人,他不会让我们失望的。――就是这样,他总是言出必行。从第二个人的答语来看,既然汤姆言出必行,他就是一个可信赖的年轻人, reliable 可靠的,可信赖的;independent 独立的;flexible 有弹性的,灵活的;confident 有信心的。

4. C【解析】考查状语从句。句意:他的车在回家途中出了故障。当他深夜回到家的时候,已经是睡觉时间了。本句中when用于引导时间状语从句,表示“当……时候”。

5. D【解析】考查动词时态。句意:――我发现我的时间太有限了。――噢,这并不让人感到意外。你最近一直在为即将到来的竞赛作准备。根据句子语境和时间状语recently可知,本句要用现在完成进行时,表示从过去开始并且到目前还在进行的动作。

6. B【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意:――妈妈,我不明白努力学习有什么意义。――好了,亲爱的。数年的努力学习肯定会在你将来的事业中得到回报的。pay off 有报偿;得到好处;收到效果; make sure 确保,保证;bring back 恢复,使想起;pay back 偿还。由句意可知,选项B正确。

7. C【解析】考查祈使句的用法。句意:请帮个忙――邀请我的朋友史密斯先生今晚7:30来青年影院好吗?句中破折号之后的句子为祈使句结构,表示说话人的请求,用动词原形开头。本句也可表达为Please do me the favor to invite my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight。

【易错提醒】本题易误选A项。原因是未注意到题中标点符号“―”,而误以为此处用不定式作目的状语。所以做题过程中要关注标点符号,正确判断句子结构,如果题目中无“―”,则选A。

8. A【解析】考查定语从句。句意:因为学生在校受伤或死亡的事故受到了频繁的报道,校园安全已经受到人们的极大关注。在句中由in which引导的定语从句修饰先行词accidents, in which也可替换成where在句中作地点状语。

9. D【解析】考查部分倒装句。句意:人们发现使用信用卡付账如此方便以至于越来越多的人申请信用卡。在so…that…引导的结果状语从句中,如果将“so + adj. /adv”放在句首,则that之前的主句部分要使用部分倒装,同时句中it为find的形式宾语,不可省略。将其还原成正常语序为:People find it so convenient to pay by credit card that more and more people apply for their credit cards. 。

10. B【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意:然而,一桩有爱的婚姻,却不一定会最终都要有很多相同的志趣,共担更多的责任。result in导致,造成,与句意相符; take over接管,接任,接收;hold on不挂断电话;继续,坚持;keep to坚持;遵守。

11. D【解析】考查动词时态。句意:――你似乎和约翰先生很熟?――当然,在20世纪90年代我们曾共事过三年。根据第二个说话人所说的句子中的时间状语in the 1990s可知,该句谓语动词所表示的动作发生在过去,用一般过去时表述。

12. A【解析】考查情态动词用法。句意:午休可以让脑力恢复到最好的程度,使人们有更好的工作表现。can在句中用于表示可能性,意为“可以,可能,能够, 会”。

13. B【解析】考查形容词比较级用法。句意:――你觉得詹姆斯・卡梅隆的3D版《泰坦尼克号》怎么样?――妙极了!这部电影再感人不过了,它给我们带来了一次非常美好的体验。句中否定式与比较级连用,表示最高级概念。

14. C【解析】考查名词性从句。句意:楼兰是没有见过沙漠的旅行者根本预料不到的地方。题干中not at all之后的部分为表语从句,其中所缺少部分为从句中的谓语动词expect的宾语,故要用what, 表示“……的事物”。

15. B【解析】考查情景交际。句意:――你会接受他的求婚吗?――我?不可能。他是世界上我最不想嫁的人。not likely不可能;not really 真的没有,确实不是;not exactly不完全如此,不完全这样。not nearly远非,相当于far from。从He is the last man in the world I want to marry. 可知,第二个说话人根本不喜欢第一句对话中提到的那个人。

【方法技巧】

短语“Not really”已经成为近几年高考情景交际类试题的重要考点和热点之一。现将“Not really”的常见口语用法归结如下:

1. 表示轻微的否定,意为“不很”、“不十分”、“不完全是”等。例如:

1) ―Are you busy now? 你现在忙吗?

―Oh, not really. Why? 哦,不怎么忙,有什么事?

2) ―Do you want to come along? 你想同我们一起去吗?

―Not really. 不很想去。

3) ―He tried to explain it to me but I just couldnt understand. Do you?

他设法给我解释,可我就是听不懂。你懂吗?

―Not really. 不很懂。

2. 表示怀疑或不相信,意为“不会吧”、“不见得”、“不会是真的吧”等。例如:

4) ―Hes leaving tomorrow. 他明天就要走了。

―Not really. 不会吧。

5) ―They got married last month. 他们上个月结婚了。

―Not really. 不会是真的吧!

3. 表示语气很强的否定,意为“真的没有”、“的确没有”、“事实上没有”等。例如:

6) ―Did you watch the news on TV last night?

你昨天晚上在电视上看这个新闻了吗?

―Not really.

确实没有。

第一节

【文章大意】研究发现,在学校教育中,强制性的保持安静对于学生能有更好的成绩、自信和幸福可以起到重要的作用,正是鉴于此,英国的许多学校正在开展这种做法。

16. C【解析】细节理解题。从文章第五段中的In areas of better learning outcomes, better selfconfidence and wellbeing measures, enforced silence in a persons life and an individuals education is shown throughout the relevant research to be a benefit. ”可知,强制性的保持安静有利于提高学生的自信心。从文章第二段中is seen as a punishment and often acts to suppress childrens natural ability可知,它并不是一项有效的惩罚手段;第五段中what we see is that education without silence does not make much sense则说明课堂上没有安静的教育是没有道理的;文章中没有提到安静可以使学生更具创造性,故不正确。

17. A【解析】词义猜测题。从文章第二段中that “enforced silence” is seen as a punishment可知,下半句句意就为“限制了孩子们的天生的能力。”故suppress意为“阻止,防止”,与prevent一词同义。

18. B【解析】推理判断题。从文章第五段可以看出,如果学校的环境好的话,学生就会有更好的成绩,有更好的自信心,给学生的成长带来诸多方面的好处。故强制性的安静对学生产生重要影响。

19. D【解析】主旨大意题。本篇为说明文,旨在向读者说明强制性的安静环境对学生在学业方面所带来的积极影响。而在第一段就提到Encouraging pupils to keep noise to a minimum should be a valuable component of all childrens education,在第三段更进一步说It is the latest in a string of researches to establish a link between the classroom environment and pupils academic ability. 。整篇都是围绕这一话题展开和论述,故正确选项是D。

篇7

in addition 加上,又,另外

wipe out 消灭

lay the table 摆放餐具准备用餐

as far as...be concerned 就……而言

figure out弄懂,弄明白,想出办法

run for 竞选

run after追赶,追逐

culture shock文化冲击

future shock未来冲击

shocked 感到震惊

shocking令人震惊

leave an impression on 给……留下……印象

decrease (in sth.) 减少;降低

Student numbers have decreased by 500.

clothes made to measure 订做的衣服

pick out选出,拣出

pick up 拈起,学会,收听到,搭载,康复

raise money 募捐/raise a question 提问题/raise cattle 养牛

endanger v. 危及,危害

endangered adj. 濒临灭绝的

forbid sb. to do禁止某人干某事

forbid doing禁止干某事

depend on 依靠,依赖

be desperate for = be desperate to

of one’s own (某人) 自己的=one’s own

on one’s own 单独地,独自地

do benefit to 对……有益

be of benefit to somebody 对……有益或有帮助

for the benefit of 为了……的利益

interfere with (短语动词) 干扰,影响 (指不利影响)

use up 用完,耗尽

on a...note 从……角度来说,以……口气说

figure out 理解,弄明白,演算出

follow (in) one’s footsteps 步某人的后尘,继承某人的事业或传统

in favor of意思是“赞同,支持”

spell disaster/trouble, etc. 引起 (造成、招致) 灾难、麻烦等

turn out 结果是,结果证明

【相关练习】

一、用所给词汇的适当形式填空

1. The floor requires (wash).

2. He could do nothing but (go) out for a walk alone.

3. I have never heard a single word (speak) in French.

4. Not all children had a chance (go) to school at that time.

5. The book (lie) on the table doesn’t belong to me.

6. They are practicing (sing) the new song.

7. I feel like (tell) him what I think of him.

8. We’d better keep a secret of the things (discuss) here now.

9. Hurry up! Mother is sure to (wait for) us at home.

10. Do you think the situation (encourage)?

11. The Giant Panda is known as the (nation) treasure of China.

12. How can I get the (dirty) off the walls?

13. You heard nothing (concern) this matter, did you?

14. A good sleeping bag is an essential part of every camper’s (equip).

15. You should employ a variety of (technical) in the test.

二、动词填空

1. The cloning technology, (intend) to cure some diseases, is sometimes misused.

2. “Can’t you read?” said the man angrily (point) to the sign on the wall.

3. It’s a tragedy that man doesn’t realize that they (use up) the limited natural resources.

4. (boil) eggs are more beneficial to health than (fry) ones.

5. With great efforts (focus) on the conservation project, the number of pandas is steadily increasing.

6. The man (arrest) for stealing proved to be ill mentally.

7. (establish) in the 1780s, this university is now one of the oldest in the US.

8. (observe) the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem.

9. (prepare) fully, we can achieve great things.

10. He kept his tortoise (hide) in a blanket.

11. The first textbooks (write) for teaching English in China came out in the 16th century.

12. Most of the guests (invite) to the party were from South Africa.

13. The computer center, (open) last year, is intended to teach those who don’t know much about the computer.

14. The speaker raised her voice but still couldn’t make herself (hear).

15. With trees and flowers (plant) everywhere, my hometown has taken on a new look.

16. Jim was shocked to notice her hair (cut) short when Della returned home.

17. (leave) alone, the baby began to cry.

18. (clone) from ancell, Dolly the sheep looks exactly the same as her “mother” sheep.

19. Most beginners will take up a book, (determine) to master every word of it, only to give it up in the end.

20. “Must you make so much noise? You’re in the theatre.” said the man in an (irritate) voice.

【参考答案】

一、用所给词汇的适当形式填空

1. washing/to be washed2. go3. spoken4. to go5. lying6. singing

7. telling8. being discussed9. be waiting for10. encouraging

11. national12. dirt13. concerning14. equipment15. techniques

二、动词填空

1. intended2. pointing3. are using up4. boiled; fried5. focused6. arrested7. Established

8. Having observed9. Prepared10. hidden11. written12. invited13. opened14. heard

15. planted16. cut17. Left18. Cloned19. determined20. irritated

Module 6

1. make fun of... 开……的玩笑,嘲笑……

It is fun to do sth. 做某事有趣

What fun it is to do sth.! 做某事多有趣啊!

2. in response to 对……做出反应

3. award/prize/reward

(1) award 意为“奖,奖品”, 指对于优异成绩或卓越贡献经过评定后正式授予的奖励,可以是精神的,也可以是物质的,常用于奖项名称。

(2) prize意为“奖赏,奖品”,多指确认某人在竞赛中获得的优异成绩并给予特殊的奖励。

(3) reward意为“报答,酬劳”,并不指某种荣誉,而指应得的报酬;也可以做动词表示“给人以报酬、奖赏”。

4. live/alive/living/lively

live adj. “活着的、活生生的、栩栩如生的”(与dead相对应),只能作定语 (指动物),另外还有“现场直播的”意思。(反义词recorded“录制的,转播的”)

alive adj.“活着的,健在的”,作表语;作定语需后置。(一般用于人,有时也用于动物)

living adj.“活着的;有生命的”。既可以作定语,也可作表语。“生物”只能译作living things。

lively adj. 生动的,活泼的

5. worthwhile/worth/worthy三个都是形容词,都是“值得的”意思,但所使用的句型不同。

(1) worthwhile 用于下列句型:

It is worthwhile doing sth./to do sth. 干某事是值得的

但不能说:sth. is worthwhile doing/to do。

(2) worth 用于下列句型:

sth. is worth sth./doing

此句型中只能用doing, 不能使用被动。 在表达“很值得”时前面加well 修饰。

The museum is certainly worth a visit. = The museum is certainly worth visiting.

这个博物馆的确值得参观。

This idea is well worth considering. 这个想法很值得考虑。

(3) worthy 用于下列句型:

sth. be worthy of sth./being done

sth. be worthy to be done

The film is worthy of being seen. = The film is worthy to be seen. 这部电影值得看。

6. raise price 提高物价

raise one’s hope 唤起希望

raise money 筹款

另外,raise 还可以表示提出问题,如:This book raises many important questions.

rise vi. 不能带宾语,不能用于被动,可以表示“上涨,上升”,还可以表示“起身,起立”, 比如:rise to one’s feet = stand up;又如: Air pollution has risen above an acceptable level. 空气污染已经超标。

7. tear vt. & vi. (tore, torn) 撕扯;撕下;n. 眼泪;泪珠 (常用复数tears)

【相关词组】

tear...down 撕掉;拆毁

tear...into pieces 把……撕成碎片

tear...in two = tear...into halves 把……撕成两半

tear oneself / sb. away from sth./sb. 挣开;拽开;揪走

in tears哭

8. hold out 拿出,伸出;坚持,维持

【相关拓展】

与hold 相关的短语

hold back 阻拦;隐瞒;抑制

hold on (在困境或危险中) 坚持住,挺住; 别挂断,等一下

hold on to 抓紧,不放开; 保留不卖或不送

hold up 举起,支撑;延迟,阻塞

9. adapt to...

1) vi. 适应,适合:Most students have little difficulty adapting to college life.

2) vt. 使适应,使适合:Course can be adapted to the needs of the individual.

3) vt. 改编,改写:adapt sth. from sth.

如:The film is adapted from a Michael Crichton’s novel.

10. go wrong 出毛病,发生故障;变糟,变坏

go 的用法:go 在此处充当系动词,后加形容词做表语,表示变化 (通常是由正常变为不正常,好变成坏) 。

【相关拓展】 go deaf 变聋;go blind 变瞎;go sour 变酸;go pale 变苍白;go mad 变疯;go bad 变质

【相关练习】

一、单词拼写

1. There is a long q of people waiting for buying new houses.

2. The match will be b live on TV this evening. Don’t miss it.

3. The kids were a by my funny drawings and began to laugh.

4. Qi Baishi was an o artist in China. He was very famous.

5. It is well w making the effort to learn how to drive.

6. Everyone was a by the heavy traffic in the city.

7. She t the letter into pieces and walked out quickly.

8. As the s goes, “It is never too old to learn.”

9. He tried to avoid all (身体的) touch.

10. The government’s help was of great importance during the (紧急情况).

11. Considering what he did, I think the punishment was (恰当的).

12. My host family, like other Americans, were so (富有幽默感的) that they often made fun of themselves.

二、用所给短语的正确形式填空

make fun of; in response to; take on; tear down; glare at; hold out; make sense; be supposed to;make room for; dash out; look up; lose weight; follow in the footsteps of; have effects on

1. He was often at school, which deeply hurt him.

2. According to the stage directions, you to stand here, not there.

3. You don’t have to every word you don’t know. Just look at the words around it to see if the sentence .

4. He other famous scientists and tried to make contributions to the important research.

5. He removed the pile of newspaper to books he just bought.

6. They each other and it seemed that a fight would soon happen.

7. Laughter positive people’s health.

8. He his hand to stop a taxi.

9. The building is too old to be safe, so it has to be .

10. The insect can the colors of the background to protect itself.

【参考答案】

一、单词拼写

1. queue2. broadcast/broadcasted3. amused4. outstanding5. worth6. annoyed7. tore8. saying9. physical10. emergency11. appropriate12. humorous

二、用所给短语的正确形式填空

1. made fun of2. are supposed to3. look up; makes sense4. followed in the footsteps of5. make room for6. glared at7. has...effects on8. held out9. torn down 10. take on

Module 7

1. in black and white白纸黑字(即把某事写下来或印出来);黑白(影片)的in color彩色的/地

2. superior adj. (在职位、权力等方面) 较高的,上级的;优越的;高傲的;不屈服的

be superior to ... 比……优越、超过……;不屈服于……、不为……所动

3. access n. 接近、进入、通路;接近 (或进入) 的方法 (或权力、机会等)

have (no) access to ... (没有机会或不) 可以使用……

get access to ...可以接近、进入……

4. combine ... with ...使……同……结合;将……同……联系起来

5. electric adj. 电的;发电的;电动的;用电的;导电的

electrical adj. 电的;电气科学的

electronic adj. 电子的

如:an electric fan/blanket 电风扇/电热毯;an electrical engineer 电器工程师

an electronic music 电子乐器

6. apply vi. 请求、申请;有效、有关

【相关短语】

apply for... 申请……

apply to sb. for ... 请求某人 (给予) ……

apply to ... 和……有关;适合……

apply ... to ... 将……应用于……

apply oneself to ... 专心致志于……

7. spring vi. 跳、跃;突然出现;发生、迅速长出

spring up 跳起来;突然出现

8. It’s up to sb. to do ... 该由/轮到某人做……

9. pros and cons 赞成者和反对者;正面和反面的理由

10. base vt. 以……为基础;以……为根据

base ... on ... (be based on ...) 根据……;基于……

11. equal adj. 相等的;同等的;平等的

be equal to ... 等于/相当于……;胜任;without equal 无比、无敌

12. previous adj. 先前的;以前的;previous to ... 在……之前

【相关练习】

单项填空

1. Heilongjiang Province is north of Liaoning. Harbin, its capital city, lies the Songhuajiang River.

A. to; onB. in the; in

C. 不填; onD. to the; in

2. To fully understand the writer, we must read not only between the lines, but sometimes the lines.

A. withinB. beyond

C. besideD. among

3. He got to the station early, missing his train.

A. in the case ofB. instead of

C. for fear ofD. in search of

4. Although Tom agreed with her on most points, here was one which he was unwilling to give in.

A. onB. in

C. toD. with

5. For holidays, many people visit the Great Barrier Reef the northeast coast of Australia, which has 700 islands.

A. onB. in

C. toD. off

6. As we all know, several primary schools and factories were named the hero.

A. fromB. at

C. afterD. to

7. the weather, the athletic meeting will be held on time.

A. In contrast withB. In relation to

C. On behalf ofD. Regardless of

8. Mr. Johnson starts to work very early in the morning and goes on working until late in the afternoon a break at midday.

A. withB. for

C. asD. through

9. ―Tang Gonghong is indeed too large, I think.

―But that she is an excellent weightlifting athlete.

A. in addition toB. in spite of

C. thanks toD. owing to

10. I certainly agree your suggestion. But I wonder if all the members of the board will agree the steps for the coming year.

A. to; withB. to; on

C. on; withD. on; on

11. Though this has been written the agreement, it is not protected law.

A. by; inB. in; with

C. in; byD. by; with

12. The better use you can make time, the greater contributions you will make society.

A. in; toB. of; to

C. on; forD. up; for

13. The child was lost in the forest, where he was the mercy of wild beasts.

A. inB. on

C. forD. at

14. the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.

A. Instead ofB. Because of

C. But forD. As for

15. Mr. Brown’s anger, it was his own son who didn’t agree with him.

A. ToB. From

C. WithD. For

16. However much , it will be worth it.

A. does the watch costB. costs the watch

C. the watch will costD. the watch costs

17. It was between 1830 and 1835 the modern newspaper was born.

A. howB. that

C. whichD. because

18. ―Have you written these letters?

―No, time to do my other work yet.

A. I have hardly hadB. I hardly have had

C. I have had hardlyD. Hardly I have had

19. Would you be kind as to step this way, please?

A. asB. so

C. veryD. too

20. ―Would you be able to come to the party?

―I .

A. believe itB. don’t expect

C. don’t hope soD. am afraid not

【参考答案】

1―5 CBCCD6―10 CDABB11―15 CBDCA16―20 DBABD

Module 8

1. books in print印刷书

2. have/be nothing to do with与……无关

3. have a place in占有一席之地

4. be lost to the world对世界是损失

5. be set in England以英国为背景

6. be well received受到好评

7. a symbol of danger and uncertainty危险和不确定的象征

8. can hardly/not wait to do sth. 迫不及待做某事

9. be bent on doing一心想做某事

10. a fancy education 华而不实的教育

11. make the acquaintance of sb. 结识某人

12. be abused by受虐待

13. have/earn a reputation for being funny and charming 以风趣和魅力而获得……名声

14. romantic theme浪漫的主题

15. give away the story揭示整个故事

16. be drunk with power醉心于权术

17. exercise control over 控制

18. split up使……分开;分裂

19. be heavily influenced by深受……的影响

20. be anchored in扎根于

21. have a sort of swinging to the music随着音乐摇摆

22. release the very first rock and roll song发行第一首摇滚歌曲

23. be drafted into the army被征召入伍

24. go out on tours外出巡演

25. leave out省略

26. negotiate with...同……进行谈判

27. start from scratch从头开始;白手起家

28. be admitted to Tsinghua University被清华大学录取

29. dip into浸入,浏览

30. have a go试一试

31. in defence of justice维护正义

32. regardless of the consequences不管;不顾后果

【相关练习】

单项填空

1. to train his daughter in English, he put an ad like this in the paper, “, an English teacher for a tenyearold girl.”

A. Determined; Wanted

B. Determined; Wanting

C. Determine; Wanted

D. Determining; Wanting

2. He is English well.

A. bent to learningB. bent on learning

C. bending to learnD. bending on learning

3. Animals suffered at the hands of Man they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people.

A. in whichB. for which

C. so thatD. in that

4. These children’s books are so exciting that they into films.

A. deserve to be adapted

B. deserve to adapt

C. deserve adapted

D. deserve to be adapting

5. The performance of the host, to please the audience and draw their attention, with a cold silence, however.

A. had intended; greeted

B. intended; was greeted

C. intending; was greeted

D. intended; greeted

6. ―Why not play the music we listened to yesterday?

―Because it old times.

A. calls onB. calls for

C. calls inD. calls up

7. Having paid off all their , the Smiths are now financial problems.

A. debts; free offB. money; free of

C. debts; free fromD. money; free for

8. He has a (an) career women, thinking women should stay at home.

A. thought aboutB. idea about

C. prejudice againstD. view of

9. Traveling abroad during holidays has been made with people’s income increasing.

A. it was possibleB. it possible

C. possibleD. that possible

10. , he never seems able to do the work beautifully.

A. Try as he doesB. As he tries

C. Try as does heD. As he does try

11. Eric is not at the moment. Should I ask him to call you back?

A. invisibleB. available

C. contagiousD. defenseless

12. Without more coal the fire, it would soon go out.

A. added toB. added

C. adding toD. adding up to

13. Psychologists say that our emotions will make us feel better and there is nothing to be ashamed of.

A. relievingB. relaxing

C. releasingD. removing

14. The doctor advised me to live it is warm and a bit humid for the sake of my pneumonia.

A. in whereB. in which

C. the place whereD. where

15. This is a film Zhao Wei, who will as a young widow.

A. starred; be castB. starring; be cast

C. to star; castD. starring; cast

16. Their parents passed away in World War Ⅱ, leaving them a lot of debts. However, they up a company and paid off all the debts.

A. could buildB. managed in building

C. were able to buildD. succeeded to build

17. I made of Mary at a party last year, and since then we have kept in touch with each other.

A. acquisitionB. acquaintance

C. recognitionD. the acquaintance

18. Its origins are anchored in the folk songs of black Americans from the period of slavery. Which expressions can take the place of the underlined expression?

A. are rooted inB. appear

C. come into being D. come out

19. News reports say peace talks between the two countries with no agreement reached.

A. have broken down B. have broken out

C. have broken inD. have broken up

20. During the 1950s, R&B changed modern music further and led to we know as rock and roll.

A. thatB. what

C. whichD. where

21. If you hurry up, you can be the last train to Shanghai.

A. in time forB. in time

C. in the timeD. in time to

22. You must last night, for you cried for help while sleeping.

A. dream of being chased

B. dream of chasing

C. have dreamed of being chased

D. have dreamed to be chased

23. Why? I have nothing to confess. you want to say?

A. What is it thatB. What it is that

C. How is it thatD. How it is that

24. in the repair shop, he drove his brother’s instead.

A. RepairedB. Repairing

C. Being repairedD. His car being repaired

25. late it was, he used to visit his mother on his way home every day.

A. HoweverB. Whatever

C. WhateverD. No matter when

26. is known to all that it is an effort that we can’t expect to succeed.

A. As; notB. It; not without

C. As; noD. It; without

27. With all the magazines I needed , I left the post office.

A. buyingB. to buy

C. boughtD. to be bought

28. In the new city there wasn’t a single person the poor boy could turn for help.

A. thatB. who

C. from whomD. to whom

29. I don’t think Japanese is as Chinese.

A. language as difficult

B. as a difficult language

C. a difficult language as

D. as difficult a language

30. She was such a proud person that she would die she would admit she was wrong.

A. rather thanB. until

C. afterD. before

【参考答案】

1―5 ABDAB6―10 DCCCA 11―15 BACDB

篇8

摘要:我国的成人教育非英语专业的本科学生想要顺利获取学士学位,首先必须通过各省组织的成人高等教育学士学位英语考试。但是,由于成教学生所受教育程度的限制,他们的英语水平往往不是很高,这就直接导致了该考试的通过率不是很高,很多考生无法顺利申报学士学位。为了改善这种情况,本文以广东省成人高等教育学士学位英语考试为例,分析了该考试的重点和难点,并提出了针对性的应试技巧,以期对参加考试的广大考生有所帮助。

关键词:成人教育,学士学位英语考试,重难点,分析

一.广东省成人高等教育学士学位英语考试简介

广东省成人高等教育学士学位英语考试(以下简称"学位英语考试")是广东省学位委员会组织的考试,是在广东省内非英语专业的成教本科夜大和函授形式的学生取得学士学位必须通过的一项考试。其目的是为了检测本地区成人教育系列中非外语专业本科毕业生申请学士学位者的英语语言知识和英语运用等相关能力,考查其是否达到普通本科教育非英语专业英语教学大纲的一般要求,以保证成人本科毕业生学士学位的授予质量。

成人英语教学的目的是培养学生具有较强的阅读能力,一定的英汉互译能力和初步的听力能力,使他们能以英语为工具,获取专业所需要的信息,并为进一步提高英语水平打下较好的基础。为此,本考试主要考核学生运用语言的能力,要求考生能够较熟练地掌握英语基本语法和常用词汇,具有较强的阅读能力和语言综合运用能力。

二. 广东省成人高等教育学士学位英语考试重难点分析

广东省成人高等教育学士学位英语考试分为试卷一和试卷二。试卷一以客观题为主,包括会话技能、阅读理解、单项选择(词汇和语法)、完形填空四种题型,试卷二为主观题即短文写作。整个试卷的考试时间为两个小时,满分为100分。

具体试卷结构如下表所示:

从各部分的题目分值和考试参考时间来看,整个试卷阅读理解部分分值最高,占40分,且考试参考时间为40分钟,也是整个考试中考生需要耗时最长的一部分。根据笔者近几年对学生进行学位英语考试辅导的过程中所总结出的经验,学生在进行模拟测试的过程中如果在阅读理解部分的得分在30分至40分之间,有超过85%的学生能够在最后的测试总成绩上及格。因此,阅读理解部分是是整个学位英语考试中的重点所在。考生是否能在阅读理解部分拿到高分,将是考生能否顺利通过学位英语考试的关键。

从学位英语考试的内容来看,第三部分单项选择是专门针对词汇和语法出题,主要考察考生对所掌握的词汇和语法知识进行选择、辨别和应用的能力。由于成人教育的学生大部分是在工作数年后再返校继续学习的,他们在英语学习上存在着不连贯性,且普遍存在着词汇量少,语感不强,语法规则一知半解等弱点。因此,在学位英语考试中,专门针对考生弱点的词汇和语法部分的试题,对广大考生来说无疑是一项巨大的挑战,是整个考试中的难点所在。

通过以上分析可知,参加学位英语考试的考生只有有效地加强阅读理解(考试重点)以及词汇和语法(考试难点)这两方面的训练,才能在考试中做到得心应手、胸有成竹。

三.成人学士学位英语考试阅读理解部分应试技巧-以2011年真题为例

鉴于阅读理解部分是整个学位英语考试的重点,考生在考试前需要花大量时间围绕该部分进行复习训练,整个复习训练主要包括前期自由阅读和后期解题技巧两方面。

在前期自由阅读训练中,考生应从报刊、书籍和网站等各种渠道收集符合考试水平程度的各类英语文章来进行阅读训练。阅读时要多积累有用词汇以扩大备考词汇量,同时还要多思考,加深对英语文章的语篇意思、逻辑结构和一些细节的理解,从整体上提高自身的阅读理解水平。同时,考生还需进行略读、速读、研读和整体阅读等各种阅读方法的训练,以保证合适的阅读速度;后期的解题技巧训练则要求考生进行实战训练。此时考生应选择历年学位英语考试真题,学位英语考试模拟题或者如CET-4或PETS-3等测试水平程度略高于学位英语考试的各类英语考试的阅读题来进行做题训练,不断提高自身的解题技巧。

阅读理解的解题技巧除了要求考生针对阅读理解题目中的中心思想题、事实细节题、逻辑推理题、语义词义题和态度理解题等不同题型训练相应的应试技巧,还应包括对整体解题步骤的训练。通常情况下我们将阅读理解的解题步骤称为还原定位法,即把试题准确地在原文中进行定位,找到答案所在的句子。这种方法的运用有三个步骤:

1. 先看试题,后读原文。这样做既节省了时间,又提高了做题的效率和准确度。

2. 对试题在原文中的位置进行模糊定位。因为试题的出题顺序和文章的叙述顺序存在高度的一致性。

3. 对试题在原文中的位置进行准确定位。此步骤实施的前提是抓住试题中的标志词和关键词。标志词主要包括(1)专有名词;(2)表示时间或年代的词;(3)专业术语。关键词是指表达试题内容的中心词,一般是试题中的名词和名词词组。

下面以2011年广东省成人学士学位英语考试阅读理解部分的部分真题(阅读原文略)为例来具体分析阅读理解部分的解题技巧在实际例题中的应用。

例1. The letter in the bottle was written in ____. (2011年真题第17题,阅读理解Passage 1)

A. Russian B. English C. French D. German

解:本题的标志词为"letter in the bottle",关键词是"was written in..."。结合关键词和四个选项内容考生可知本题要求了解瓶中信书写所使用的语言,是一道事实细节题。考生在阅读到原文第三段"His father, who knows a little German, translated the letter."的时候,可以对本题进行准确定位。此句意思为"他的父亲,懂得一点德语,翻译了信件。" 因此,D项"German"为正确选项。

例2. According to the text, recent high school graduates _____ in American colleges. (2011年真题第27题,阅读理解Passage 3)

A. are a majority B. are a minority

C. form two-thirds of the students D. are no more than adult students

解:本题的标志词为"American colleges",关键词是"recent high school graduates"。通过标志词和关键词考生可定位到原文第二段"...recent high school graduates no longer dominate the college campuses. Adults of all ages return to the classroom, ..."。从该句的意思考生可以判断出最近在美国大学中高中毕业生的数量并不多于成人学生的数量,因此D项为正确选项。

例3. What does the word "suing" in the first sentence mean? (2011年真题第31题,阅读理解Passage 4)

A. Attacking B. Mentioning

C. Complaining about D. Taking a legal action against

解:本题的关键词为"suing",根据题干,考生可以直接定位到原文第一段第一句。由于考生对于"suing"一词不熟悉,可以通过"上下文间意义的联系"的方法来猜测"suing"的词义。通过深度阅读,原文在第一、二、四这几段中还分别出现了"going to court","lawyer","legal action"等词汇,考生可以猜测"suing"一词的词义为"",D项为正确选项。

四. 成人学士学位英语考试词汇和语法部分应试技巧-以2011年真题为例

词汇和语法部分是大部分成教本科学生的弱项,是他们在考试中的难点所在。考生在备考的过程中,必须以词汇为基础,加强对考纲所规定的4250个单词和500个短语的记忆以及阅读训练中扩展词汇的记忆,同时对考纲所规定的十种重点语法内容要反复学习并结合大量例题进行实战训练,以找到解题的规律。

词汇部分主要是针对以下三种类型的词汇出题。因此,考生在记忆的过程中要将此三类词汇单独归纳出来,重点分析,重点记忆。

1. 近义词和近形词的辨析

对于近义词,考生要注意区分近义词在不同语境中的应用,掌握词汇的意义和用法上的细微差别,才能选准答案;对于近形词,考生要加强对相同前缀和后缀的词的记忆和辨析。

例1. During the afternoon Marilla kept the child busy with _____ tasks and watched over her with a keen eye when she did them. (2011年真题第43题)

A. various B. curious C. anxious D. obvious

解:本题四个选项都有"-ious"的后缀,属于近形词。A项意思是"各种各样的",B项意思是"好奇的",C项意思是"焦虑的",D项意思是"明显的"。本题题干表述的意思是"下午Marilla会用不同的任务让孩子忙碌起来,并在孩子进行任务时用敏锐的眼光观察她。"四个选项中只有A项表达了"不同的,多样的"的意思,A项为正确选项。

2. 动词短语辨析

主要考察(1)不同动词搭配同一个介词或副词所构成的短语的对比;(2)同一动词加不同介词或副词所构成的短语的辨析。考生在复习备考时要多对此类词汇归纳总结,对比记忆。

例2. Many thousands have benefited _____ the new medical system. (2011年真题第53题)

A. on B. in C. to D. from

解:本题主要考察动词"benefit"后加上不同的介词所构成的短语的辨析。在四个供选择的介词中,A、B、C项的介词并不能和benefit构成有效短语,只有D项from可以和benefit构成benefit from,意思为"从......中获益",符合题干的意思,因此D项为正确选项。

3. 其他固定搭配及习惯用法

指的是考察名词、形容词、动词、介词词组的各种固定搭配和用法,还有一些习语和成语的构成及意义。这些搭配都属于英语的习惯用法,没有什么规律。这就要求考生平时多积累,多注意。

例3. The father went to the door in ____ to a knock from outside. (2011年真题第40题)

A. answer B. difficulty C. regard D. case

解:本题的四个选项中,A项和C项分别与题中的介词"in"和"to"可以构成固定搭配,"in answer to"的意思是"对......的回答,回复","in regard to"的意思是"关于......的",B项和D项分别可以和"in"构成固定搭配,意思分别为"处于困难之中"和"万一"的意思。根据本题题干所表述的意思"父亲朝大门走去,回应门外响起的敲门声。",A项是正确选项。

在语法部分的复习中,考生要对考纲规定的十种语法中"虚拟语气"、"非谓语动词"和"定语从句"这三种语法进行重点研究,因为这三种语法是英语语法学习中的难点,也是历年考试中语法部分常考的语法点,是考生们必须重点关注的对象。

例4.If Peter had given up his part-time job, he _____ the final exam. (2011年真题第56题)

A. might pass B. might have passed C. has passed D. had passed

解:本题考查的是虚拟语气的语法点。题中if引导的条件状语从句出现了"had given"这个过去完成时的结构,说明此句中所呈现出的是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。按照语法规则,主句中的动词结构应该是"情态动词加现在完成时",比较四个选项,B选项符合要求。

例5._____ his last word, he got into a taxi and disappeared in no time. (2011年真题第63题)

A. Finishing B. Finished C. Having finished D. To finish

解:本题考查的是非谓语动词的语法点,主要是现在分词和过去分词在应用中的区别。按照分词作状语的用法,本题中"finish"一词和其逻辑上的主语"he"应该是一种主谓的关系,作状语时应该使用finish的现在分词结构,只有A项和C项符合要求。但是本题从句中"finish"一词和主句中"get into,disappear"二词在发生时间上并无先后差异,不应采用现在分词的完成时结构,因此C项也可以排除。A项是正确答案。

例6.The tall tree, ______ leaves are darker than those of the other two, is as old as grandpa. (2011年真题第71题)

A. which B. whose C. of which D. that

解:本题考查的是定语从句中关系代词的用法。句中"tall trees"和 "leaves"有一种所属的关系,因此本题中需选择的关系代词要在定语从句中作定语修饰"leaves", 表达 "......的"的意思。比较四个选项,只有B项"whose"符合题意。

五. 结论

广东省成人高等教育学士学位英语考试是一门正规的、系统的考试,能否通过该考试将直接决定考生们能否获取成人高等教育学士学位。由于成人教育本科学生在英语水平上的局限性和因工作原因所导致的复习备考时间的不充足,因此广大考生们在准备考试的过程中一定要有所针对性,即抓住本考试的重点(阅读理解)和难点(词汇和语法),并为之展开具体有效的复习,这样才能保证成人学士学位英语考试的通过率。

参考文献

[1] 广东省学位委员会办公室,广东省成人高等教育成人学士学位英语水平考试大纲[M],中山大学音像出版社

篇9

关键词: 英语词汇 拉丁化 来源 特征及影响

英语的全部词汇约有100万。按其起源,可分为本族语(native words)和外来词(loan words or borrowed words)。据斯基特《词源词典》(Skeat’s Etymological Dictionary)中记载,土生土长的英语词汇只占22.6%,直接或间接来自法语的词汇占英语词汇的26.4%,直接来自拉丁语的占15.8%,由于法语属拉丁语系,很多来自法语的词也是拉丁词根,所以英语词汇里直接或间接来自拉丁语的就占英语全部词汇的42%,占英语外来词汇一半以上。拉丁语对英语的影响,尤其是对词汇的影响最为深刻。英语词汇中为什么会有如此多的拉丁语成分?语言的变化折射出社会历史和文化的发展,本文拟从历史的角度寻找英语词汇拉丁化的踪迹。

1.早期拉丁语借词的来源

早在盎格鲁・撒克逊入侵大不列颠之前,他们就与欧洲的罗马人有所交往,表示罗马人特有事物的一些拉丁语随之进入日尔曼语族各语言中。一些表示水果、蔬菜、厨房用具等名称的拉丁语影响了古英语。如表示“樱桃”的拉丁词“castanea”,在古英语中为“cesten”;表示“厨房”的拉丁词“coquina”,在古英语里为“cycene”。

这一时期的拉丁语对英语的影响不是在大不列颠本岛上。古英语里的少量的拉丁语借词实际上是由日尔曼人带来的,而且基本上已经被英语化了。

公元597年罗马教皇派传教使团到大不列颠宣传基督教信仰,使那里的人皈依基督教。由于拉丁语是教会通用的语言,许多拉丁语逐渐被运用到英语词汇之中,但这些词汇主要与宗教或宗教仪式有关,如:canticle(圣歌),cantor(领唱者),abbot(男修道院院长),candle(蜡烛),devil(魔鬼),antichrist(反对基督者),congregation(会众、集合),disciple(信徒),eternal(不朽的),martyr(殉道者),offer(供奉),chrism(圣油),dirge(哀悼歌),font(洗礼盆),prophet(先知),sabbath(安息日),alms(施舍),discipline(戒律),minister(牧师),mass(民众),monk(僧侣),nun(修女),pope(罗马教皇),paradise(天堂),saint(圣徒),creed(信条)等。另外由于基督教文明和寺院文化与大众普遍接触并广泛传播和深入人心,许多拉丁语词汇也深入到表达日常生活内容的词汇中,如:spend(花费),chest(胸部),pail(桶),cook(厨师),fiddle(小提琴),pear(梨),accent(口音),term(期限),camp(营地),mile(英里),wine(酒),linen(亚麻布),wall(墙壁),fever(发烧),giant(巨大的),port(港口),mount(山),plant(植物),polite(有礼貌的),radish(小萝卜),pike(长矛),viper(毒蛇),camel(骆驼),scorpion(蝎子),tiger(老虎)等。

上面这些单词无论是读音还是拼写早已被英语所同化,一般人很难辨认出它们是来自于拉丁语。这些拉丁语词汇被借用得早,使用的时间又非常长,已完全融入到英语词汇之中,成为现代英语词汇的有机组成部分。

2.诺曼征服对英语词汇的影响

中古英语时期,拉丁语对英语词汇的影响也是不可低估的。诺曼征服造成英国出现英语、法语、拉丁语三语并存的现象。法语属拉丁语系,有不少的词汇来自于拉丁语,大量的法语词汇进入英语词汇中,对拉丁语进入英语词汇起到推波助澜的作用。此外,诺曼人带来法国的文明使得英国的政治、经济、文化空前地繁荣起来,不少拉丁语的著作被翻译成英语,不少的拉丁语词汇也流入到英语词汇中。现在很难判断哪些词是通过法语进入英语还是英语直接从拉丁语借来的,但在科学、文学、军事、法律、神学、医学等相关领域均可看见拉丁借词的身影。例如:abject(可怜的),adjacent(邻近的),allegory(讽喻),conspiracy(阴谋),contempt(轻蔑),custody(拘留),equivalent(相等的),frustrate(挫败),genius(天才),gesture(姿势),homicide(杀人),immune(免除),incarnate(体现),incredible(不可相信),incumbent(义不容辞),index(索引),individual(个人的),infancy(婴儿期),inferior(下等的),infinite(无限的),innumeralbe(无数的),intellect(理智),interrupt(打断),legal(法律上的),legitimate(合法的),mechanical(机械的),mediator(停调者),missal(弥撒书),moderate(中等的),necessary(必要的),nervous(神经的),notary(公证人),pauper(穷人),picture(图片),popular(民众的),private(私人的),project(工程),promote(提拔),prosecute(彻底),rational(理性的),reject(拒绝),script(手迹),scripture(手稿),secular(现世的),simile(明喻),spacious(广阔的),submit(呈送),subscribe(签署),substitute(代替),summary(摘要),supplicate(哀求),suppress(压制),temperate(有节制的),temporal(暂时的),testify(证明),tract(一片),ulcer(溃疡),zenith(天顶)等。

随着众多的法语词汇和拉丁语词汇被借入英语,改变了古英语运用复合词作为创造新词汇的手段。英语借外来词扩展词汇的方法,为后来拉丁语大量进入英语词汇铺平了道路。与此同时,一些拉丁语的词缀慢慢地被英语化,成为英语中构词的重要素材,前缀如:dis-(distrust不相信),en-(enrich丰富),inter-(intermingle使混合),mal-(maladjustment失调),non-(nonage未成熟),pre-(preconceive事先想好),re-(reenter再进入),semi-(semi-circle半圆),sub-(subtenant转租人);后缀如:-able(believable可相信的),-acy(delicacy精致),-age(peerage贵族),-al(rehearsal排演),-ancy/-ency(vacancy空白,innocency无罪),-ate(translate翻译),-ory(transitory瞬间的),-ance(hindrance妨害),-ant/-ent(occupant占有人,resident居住的),-ician(geometrician几何学者),-ise/-ize(epitomise概括,fertilize施肥)等。中古英语时期,英语词缀体系得到了极大的发展,派生词的地位也得到进一步的确立。

3.文艺复兴时期拉丁语借词的特征及影响

14-15世纪文艺复兴时期是拉丁语词汇进入英语的期。文艺复兴运动是十四世纪在意大利开始的,在十六世纪以后的两个世纪内对英国的影响很大。当时拉丁语和希腊语被认为是代表西方灿烂文化遗产的语言,于是许多外来语词,主要是拉丁语和希腊语的词汇进入英语。据统计,在1500至1700年间,约有一万左右的拉丁语和希腊语词汇传入英语,成为了英语的书面语和术语词的基本部分。例如:education(教育),dedicate(奉献),esteem(尊重),benevolent(仁慈的),emprise(事业),studious(勤学的),endeavour(努力),protest(抗议),reproach(责备),m alignity(恶意),tuberculosis(结核病),angina(咽喉炎),furuncle(辩护人),advocate(疖疮),appeal(上诉),civil(民事的),jurist(法律的)等。

这些拉丁词汇进入英语后,有的保存了原来的形式,如climax(),appendix(附录),exterior(外部),axis(轴);有的失去了词尾,如consult(商量)[拉]consultare,exclusion(排斥)[拉]exclusioneum,exotic(异国情调的)[拉]exoticus;还有的改变了词尾,使之适合英语的形式,如形容词尾-us变为-ous(conspicuusconspicuous明显的)或变为-al(externusexternal外部的),名词词尾-tas变为-ty(celeritascelerity迅速)。

这一时期除了越来越多的拉丁语词缀被借入英语,如前缀:ante-(antecedent先辈),ex-(exhibit展览),in-(incredible难以置信的),post-(postgraduate研究生),pro-(project工程),sub-(subscribe预订),super-(superabundant过多的)和后缀-ary(necessary必要的),-ia(bacterial细菌的),ium(premium保险费),-ous(nervous紧张的),-al(arrival到达),-ate(considerate体贴的),-ure(culture文学)等。许多拉丁语词根也进入到英语中,如bene=good(benefit利益),cur=care(secure安全的),cred=believe(incredible可信的),dom=house(domicile定居),hibit=hold(exhibit展览),it=go(initiate开始),ject=throw(reject驳回),milit=fight(militia民兵),quir/quis=ask(require询问),rog=ask(interrogate质问),rupt=break(erupt喷发),san=heal(insane神经错乱),scend=climb(ascend登高),sist=stand(assist帮助),struct=build(structure组织)等。有些拉丁语词根固定在拉丁语借词中,不能构成新词,但有一些词根则有很强的构词能力,它们或者彼此结合,或者加上词缀构成新词。这些拉丁语词根的出现,增强了英语的“造血机制”,英语词汇因此得以激增。15-17世纪的两百年间,每隔十年就有约4500个新英语单词产生,其有三分之二的新词是建立在业已存在的词根和词缀之上的。

4.拉丁语对现代英语的影响

在19-20世纪,随着科学技术的迅猛发展,人们需要许多新的词汇来表达人类对世界的各种新的认识和新的发现,人们意识到拉丁语的词汇具有准确的意义,经历若干时代而不变,因而又从拉丁语中借用了大量的词汇和词根词缀,用来丰富和创造新的词汇。例如在表示学科名称上,医学英语只是把拉丁语表示“学”的-logia改成-logy。physiologia-physiology(生理学),neurologia-neurology(麻醉学);英语元素名称也只是把拉丁语的后缀作一些变化oxygenium-oxygen(氧),carbonum-carbon(碳),aluminium-aluminum(铝)。科技英语,特别是医学英语的2/3词汇源于拉古语或希腊语。可以说,拉丁语是现代科技词汇的主要基础,拉丁词根是今后创造新词汇的主要源泉。

了解英语词汇的拉丁化有助于我们更好地理解和运用这些词汇。派生词是英语词汇的主要来源,而来自拉丁语的词根是派生词的基础,在同一词根上可以缀加不同的词缀,表示不同的意思,并可表示各种不同的词类。以拉丁语根duc/duct为例,加上前缀可以形成conduct,introduce,produce,reduce,deduce,induce,seduce,transduce等词,再加上其它前缀或后缀可以形成conductive, conductiveness, conductance, conductible,conductivity,conductorial,semi-conductor等一系列的派生词。我们要逐一记住成千上万的英语单词是非常困难的,但是词根、词缀的数量是有限的。通过记住词根词缀可以迅速扩大词汇量,巩固已学的词汇、加深理解词义。

参考文献:

[1]汪榕培.英语词汇学教程[M].上海外语教育出版社,1998.

篇10

11—15 ACAAC 16—20 BABBA

21—25 BACDC 26—30 DCDAB

31—35 CABCD 36—40 CDBBD

41—45 CADBD 46—50 ADBCD

51—55 ADBCB 56—60 BACBA

非谓语动词

1—5 BABBD 6—10 CAABB

11—15 BDCBC 16—20 BACBA

情态动词

1—5 BACCD 6—10 BBDDC

11—15 ACDCD 16—20 BCADB

(一)

短文改错

In the last 30 years, the growing number of kids and

a

teenagers∧developed weight problems. Today, 1 out of 3

have

kids and teens between the ages of 2 or 19 are overweight or

and

obese, that is a word that means very overweight. Many

which

grown-ups understand that it’s like to have weight problems.

likely

More than 50 percents adults are overweight or obese. For

percent

kids and adults, weighing too much more can lead to illnesses

and health problem. And a kid who is overweight may get

problems

laughed at or found it hard to keep up with other fellow

find

students in the playground.

on

书面表达

One possible version:

Dear editor,

I am very glad to write to you to talk about my view on the issue. As for me, Lu Xun’s works are worth reading all the time. In fact, Lu Xun was a well-known Chinese writer, he was not only a writer, a thinker, and a translator, but also a founder of modern Chinese literature. His novels have been put into many languages and some of the novels have been made into films. People speak highly of him. Some of his novels have been collected in high school and college textbooks.

In a word, I think reading Lu Xun’s novels will benefit a lot.

Yours,

Li Hua

(二)

The zoo had some big baskets for rubbish, into which

has

people can throw their waste things. One Saturday afternoon,

Mr Brown was walking near the cage which lions and

where或which前加in

tigers∧kept. Usually, there are a lot of people around in

were on

Saturday afternoon, but that day there is nobody there. Mr

was

Brown was surprised, but he was even less surprised when

more

he saw a crowd around a rubbish basket nearby. He went towards a crowd, most of them were children. He looked at

the whom

over their heads, and saw a little mouse run about among the

running

pieces of paper in the basket.

书面表达

One possible version:

Very often you come across empty classroom with the lights still on. And it’s not difficult to find evidence of wasting water. Additionally, students do not recycle enough, throwing away the soft drink bottles, used exercise papers and books. Worse still, many students still use the non-environmental friendly lunch boxes, causing the “white pollution”.

These things showed that many students lack the sense of environmental awareness. It’s important to educate students to have environmental awareness. At the same time, students can do small things, such as collecting used items for recycling, turning off the lights, and saving water. Always remember that it’s everyone’s responsibility to protect the environment.

(三)

短文改错

The summer holiday, that I’m looking forward to, is

which

coming. How an interesting thing it is to go fishing! I will

What

play football, one of my hobby. I will climb high mountains

hobbies

or ride my bicycle. I will play chess to my grandfather. How

with

wonderful my holiday will be! Therefore, my father is always

However

afraid that I will be hurting by a truck or fall off a tree or

hurt

something else. He∧also afraid that I will fight against the

is

others or be kidnapped by bad men. But if I am careful and polite enough, how would these things happen? I must

will

try to removing my father’s worries.

remove

书面表达

One possible version:

Different kinds of disease influence our daily life and health. What can we do to stop it from happening? I think when we are at home, we need to sweep the floor, clean our houses every day. At school, we should keep our classroom clean and tidy. In public, we should not spit or drop litter.

In order to protect ourselves from disease, we should have good habits. It is important for us to eat more vegetables and fruit. Also, it is good to take exercise every day. If we are ill, we should see a doctor and have a good rest.

If we do like that, we’ll have a happy and healthy life.

Passage One: 1—5 BACDB 6—10 BACDC

11—15 ABCDA 16—20 CBDBC

Passage Two: 1—5 CBDAC 6—10 CBDAD

11—15 BBDAB 16—20 DCACD

Passage Three: 1—5 CAADD 6—10 CABBA

11—15 BDCAB 16—20 BABAC

Passage Four: 1—5 BACDB 6—10 BACDC

11—15 ABCDA 16—20 CBDBC

Passage Five: 1—5 BCCCB 6—10 BBCDC

11—15 ABBDA 16—20 DBABC

Passage Six: 1—5 ACDCB 6—10 DABDC

11—15 BADCA 16—20 BDABC

Passage Seven: 1—5 AABCB 6—10 AACDA

11—15 ABCBA 16—20 CCDAC

Passage Eight: 1—5 BCADB 6—10 ACDBB

11—15 ACDBA 16—20 CDBCA

Passage Nine: 1—5 BADDB 6—10 CACDC

11—15 ADCAA 16—20 CADBB

Passage Ten: 1—5 BADBC 6—10 AADAC

11—15 ABDAC 16—20 DBDBC

(一)

A: DCBA B: DDBA C: DADC

D: BCAD E: CCDA

(二)

A

1. They will feel greatly surprised.

2. She joined in for fellowship and community service.

3. She wanted to give children some other gifts rather than the basics.

4. It refers to people who give away anonymous gifts on Christmas.

B

5. shopping carts

6. It was to make shopping easier and attract more business.

7. Because few customers used his carts.

8. Because he wanted to promote his shopping carts.

9. He was a smart businessman. He invented the shopping cart and made it accepted by customers. /He was smart but he shouldn’t have used tricks to attract customers.

C

10. Adults are not willing to say hello./ Adults seldom say hello.

11. School went from impersonal to personal, and that resulted in more class participation and better grades.

12. saying hello to each other/greeting each other/ saying hello

13. ① lowering blood pressure ② relieving stress ③ boosting happiness

14. 不管出于什么原因,我在城里打招呼得到的回应比在乡村少得多。

D

15. Take on the Original

16. it is compulsory/required

17. He would turn to books to find answers.

18. They may help increase people’s interest in the classic.

19. The original (book / work)

E

20. True Friends/ What are True Friends

21. Make up with your friends after the quarrels and don’t let the sadness last long.

22. they also have their differences

23. ①Friends accept differences ②Argue ③Friends love unconditionally ④Believe in love at first sight

24. Always remember to respect your friends and love them.

1. DAFBE 2. FADEB

3. AGCEB 4. FBEAD

1

Jack London, a great American writer, who was very

poorly when he began to write. He worked hard,∧it didn’t

poor but

help. Once he promised the magazine to write a story for it,

a

but he was busy at the time and couldn’t keep his promises.

promise

The editor wrote for Jack London several times asked him to

to asking

send the story. At last he wrote, “Mr London, if I can’t get

the story within 24 hours, I’ll come up to your office and kick you downstairs, but I always keep my promise.” Jack

and

London read the note and answer, “Dear sir, if I can do my

answered

work with my feet as you, I will keep my promise.”

like

2

I hate mobile phones. First of all, very few people real

really

need a mobile phone. If you need to speak to someone, there are a good many of public phone box around. Most people like

boxes

being seen with one. They think it makes them look importance

important

and successful. In addition, mobile phones were often used

are

in public places like trains and restaurants and other people around have no choice but∧listen to the conversation. It is

to

very pleasant. Sometimes it can actually be dangerous

unpleasant

at some situations to use a mobile phone, for example when

in

driving. According to the police, speak on the phone while

speaking

drive is a major cause of accidents.

driving

3

As students, we have classes from early morning till late afternoon. Therefore, take a ten-minute break between

taking

classes is definitely important, even necessarily. Otherwise

necessary

we may feel both physically or mentally tired. During the

and

ten-minute break we did something to get rid of tiredness.

do

What we need is to have the real rest, instead∧getting even

a of

more tired. So don’t do something that will make you too

anything

excited. My ten-minute break is always pleased. I usually do

pleasing/pleasant

some simple exercises. Sometimes I have a free chat with my classmates or just to take a walk during the break. When

the new class begins, I feel freshly again.

fresh

1

Dear Mary,

How nice to hear from you. Knowing that you are much interested in our school meals, I feel very pleased. Now I’ll tell you something about it.

We have three meals a day. Breakfast is served from 6:00 to 7:00 with streamed buns, boiled eggs, milk. There is also porridge ready there, for most Chinese have a habit of having porridge with steamed buns. During the lunch time from 12:00 to 13:00, there is meat such as pork, beef, and chicken, which is cooked in different ways with different tastes. Rice is the main food for lunch. When supper from 17:00 to 19:00 is served, we can have more choices—noodles, snacks, porridge, or fried eggs. Besides, we enjoy all kinds of seasonal vegetables at any of the three meals to make sure we can study full of energy.

What about our daily school meals? And yours?

Sincerely yours,

Li Hua

2

Letters of Application for the Membership of WSSP

Dear Sir or Madam,

How excited I was when I heard that there was a Weekends Senior Citizen Serving Program here in our community.

I am a 16-years-old girl, studying as a senior one student in LinWen Senior High School. Our school often has such activities to improve our character education. I have worked in them and got lots of experience. Once I helped in an old people’s home, so I know how the old need young people like us to be their friends and how to take care of them. Since I’m in senior one, I think I’m free for most of my weekends. I have strong confidence for myself in doing a good job as a WSSP member!

Please do accept me as one of the volunteers.Thanks!

Sincerely yours,

Li Hua

3

On Recreation

It is impossible for us to keep fit unless we often take part in activities of recreation.

There are various kinds of recreation activities in our daily life after study, for example, listening to music, watching TV, playing chess and going to the cinema. But I think we’d better have more outdoor activities because we usually sit too long in our classroom, and our eyes and brain get tired. So it’s a good idea to play basketball, football, table tennis, go swimming and do some running.

Our brain also needs changes to make it smart and active. Remember the old saying, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”

语法和词汇知识

1—5 BDBBB 6—10 AAADA

完形填空

11—15 ABCDD 16—20 CBABC

21—25 CADCB 26—30 ACDBA

阅读理解

31一35 BBCBC 36—40 BBCBB

41—45 CBBCA 46—50 DABBC

补全对话

51—55 DAEBG

阅读表达

56. The cell phone gets in the way of face to face communication./ It does harm to the closeness of human interaction.

57. However, I felt left out as if we were not conducting the conversation.

58. the lonelier we feel/ the more left out we feel

59. It makes the author feel lonelier.

60. He doesn’t contact people living near him with instant message /He doesn’t use his cell phone in the presence of friends /He doesn’t let the voice mail pick up when he is at home.

短文改错

Dear sir,

I’ve just learned from the newspapers that a secretary of

newspaper

English is need in your company. I wish to apply for this

needed

position. My name is Yang Fan, a girl of 20. I am very health,

healthy

and 1.63 meters tall. I was graduated from a local college

where is 50 miles away from the downtown of the city. I

which/that

once worked for a secretary in a company for two years. I

as

can type 40 words a minute. Except this, I have English

Besides

skills in reading and writing, so once won a first prize in an

and

English contest when I was in middle school. I also have ∧driving license. I will work harder for your company.

a hard

Look forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely,

Yang Fan

书面表达

One possible version:

Dear editor,

I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we’ve had in the recent class meeting about whether Senior 3 students should take tonics to keep fit.

Opinions are divided on the topic. Sixty percent of the students think it unnecessary to take any tonics. They hold the opinion that taking tonics will cause students to put on weight, which is bad for their health. What’s more, the price of tonics is rather high.

However, forty percent of the students point out that Senior 3 students have a lot of homework to do every day. So many students get tired and tonics can help to refresh themselves. Personally, I think having right food is more important. The best way to stay healthy is to take exercise regularly.

答案解析

1. B。 从题干中句子的时态disturbs和后面的great noises能推断出学校附近的新房子正在修建中,因此用现在进行时。

2. D。 此处the后跟单数可数名词表示某一类事物;useful中的字母“u”的发音起首不是元音,前面用a。又如a university,a European country等。

3. B。 where此处为连接副词,引导地点状语从句。注意in which引导定语从句,但句中无先行词。

4. B。 add to our knowledge of the world意思是“增加我们对世界的了解”。add to意为“增加、加大”,表示“使原来的总量得到增加”;bring about意为“导致、引起”;add up to意思是“总计”;increase to意为“增加到”,皆不符合句意。

5. B。 While talking about his own happy childhood是状语从句的省略结构,其逻辑主语应和句子的主语一致;句中own说明是“he”谈到了他自己的幸福童年。

6. A。 one此处为不定代词,表示泛指,等于“a+单数可数名词”,在此句中代替a year;one作同位语。

7. A。 hope后常跟that从句,并可用so或not代替。

8. A。 考查定语从句。先行词在从句中作宾语,故关系代词可省略。

9. D。 从句的时间是过去的过去,应用过去完成时。

10. A。 by the time表示“到……时候”,引导时间状语从句,当从句用过去时时,主句通常用过去完成时。此题表示“讲演者进大厅前,所有听众都已经坐好”。

11. A。 one’s native place意思是“某人的出生地”。

12. B。 uneducated说明小女孩未受过教育,喜欢撒野,故选B。

13. C。 displeased意思是“不高兴”,符合句子表达的情景。

14. D。 “Sometimes she went so far as to roll on the ground”意思是“有时候她野到在地上打滚”。so... as to的意思是“如此……以至于”,far在此处表示程度。

15. D。 小女孩周围的人很少见过如此野的女孩,所以感到很“吃惊”。

16. C。 only to do意为“却……”,表示与期望相反的结果。

17. B。 totally意为“完全地”。根据句意,小女孩的父母因为实在无法管教她,所以对她“完全”失望了。

18. A。 which为关系代词,指代先行词“a snow-white dress”,引导非限定性定语从句。

19. B。 quite another person意思是“一个完全不同的人”。quite another是固定搭配。

20. C。 scold意思是“辱骂”,此处“no longer scolded or hit others”说明小女孩的变化。

21. C。 go wild意思是“撒野”,go是系动词,后跟形容词作表语。

22. A。 in表示“穿着(衣服)”。

23. D。 gentle此处意思为“文静、温柔”,与前面的wild相对应。

24. C。 a beautiful dress hidden in his or her mind是比喻用法,表示每个人的“内心某处都潜藏着美”。文中第38空所在句里的hidden与此句中的hidden相呼应。

25. B。 见上一题的解析。

26. A。 desert意思为“抛弃”,指一些人把内心深处的美抛弃了。

27. C。 该句表示很多人没有意识到美的力量。

28. D。 quality意为“品质”,此处表示人与生俱来的品质。

29. B。 该句表示美具有一种“影响”的力量,而这种力量“确实”是没有别的力量可比的。句子是全文的中心句,表达了作者通过故事传递的主题思想。

30. A。 见上一题的解析。

31. B。 文章第一段说:她家所住的房子和街道脏乱差,邻居们以脏取乐,作者决定她的孩子一定要远离这一切,由此可推知此题答案为B。

32. B。 根据第二段描述:The Carter girl一个人在很多小孩面前独自吃糖,吃不完时,把剩余的糖扔进下水道,可知此题答案为B。

33. C。 从第二段最后一句“There is more to happiness than money in the world, isn’t there”可推知此题答案为C。

34. B。 从全文第一段可推知答案为B。

35. C。 从文章第五段“...according to some medical expers...”可知C项正确,排除其余三项。

36. B。 文章第四段叙述亚健康的症状,只有B项与症状中的depression相对应。

37. B。 根据上下文,专家建议应养成良好生活习惯,劳逸结合,常做运动等来预防亚健康。所以此题alternately意为“交换地,轮流地”。选B。

38. C。 第六段说明处于亚健康的人们在饮食上的注意事项——“eat less salt and suger”。

39. B。 从每个活动介绍中的时间安排信息可知选B。

40. B。 从第四个活动介绍中的时间安排信息可知选B。

41. C。 从第二项活动安排的介绍可知选C。

42. B。 从第三项活动安排的介绍可知选B。

43. B。 由文章首句可知。

44. C。 由文章第二自然段可知。

45. A。 文中画线部分的意思是“在大街上,我自我感觉比乞丐有地位,比他成功,比他重要”。即“我感觉自己一切都比他强”。

46. D。 由文章主题句“Don’t we all”可以推断出。

47. A。 结合第二段第二句“...they give you the chance to express yourself. Don’t just limit yourself to posters... if you want a particular design for your room and plan out what to be done according to the subject”推出。

48. B。 从第三段第四句“If you’re running low on floor space, then take a tip from NASA and look up”一句得出答案。run low on意为“……快用完”。

49. B。 文章最后一段可推测出答案选B。

50. C。 综合全文叙述方式可推出答案。请注意something like a guide book是客观描述。

语法和词汇知识

1—5 BCBAB 6—10 DDBCD

完形填空

11—15 ACDBC 16—20 DCDBC

21—25 ABCAD 26—30 BCACB

阅读理解

31一35 CBBAC 36—40 BDACB

41—45 BDCAC 46—50 BDABC

补全对话

51—55 BGDFC

阅读表达

56. Because the countryside was too far away for them to make a round trip between morning and nightfall, and they didn’t have enough money for country holidays.

57. How the first Youth Hostel came into existence./ How the first Youth Hostel began.

58. In an old castle near the schoolhouse.

59. learn a lot (of things) / get to know a lot

60. Breath fresh air/ enjoy the beauties of the country-side/ learn things about other places/ make new friends

短文改错

Dear Mum and Dad,

How are you all? I hope you are well and that the weather

both

has not become too colder in Beijing yet. In England it is

cold

quite wet and windy,∧there are some nice days and I have

but

not had to use a thick coat so far. I am getting in well here

on/along

and have made several useful business contact. There has a

contacts is

lot of interest in the furniture the factory produces. I have managed to taking quite a lot of orders here. The manager

take

seems to be pleasing with the way things are progressing.

pleased

Look after yourself. I’m looking forward to seeing you again

yourselves

in the middle of the next month. I miss you.

Your loving daughter,

Li Hua

书面表达

One possible version:

Dear editor,

Recently I have made a survey about how the middle school students spend their winter holidays. The results are as follows.

70% of the students say they are not happy at all during the winter holidays. They have private teachers at home, or attend various training courses. Another 18% say they are happy, because they spend their holidays at their grandparents’ house and have a good chance to make new friends. However, 9% feel lonely and bored, for they are not allowed to spend time with their friends, so they play the computer games at home.

I think the parents should trust their children and give them more freedom to arrange their own time. At the same time, they should encourage children to take part in more social activities to make their holidays more colorful.

Yours truly,

Li Ming

答案解析

1. B。 “我太忙”只可能是“我不给父母写信”的例外情况,所以选B。

2. C。 考查动词短语,call on意为“号召”。

3. B。 过去分词作后置定语。过去分词表示被动、完成,符合题意。

4. A。 定语从句,先行词是抽象意义上的地点,所以用where。

5. B。 前面说“路很长”,所以后面应是“终于”到了。

6. D。 后面说的是some of you,所以前面应是everybody。

7. D。 情态动词。既然建议他打电话到Robert家,说明他估计Robert应该在家。should就有“应该”的意思。

8. B。 方位名词前需加定冠词;for most parts大多数地区。

9. C。 A、B、D选项答语不符合问句句意。

10. D。 By the end of this century谈论将来情况,其后接将来完成时。

11. A。 小孩在别人院子里玩,很多人会大声斥责孩子,但这位医生例外。

12. C。 短语的前部分是kind,后面必然也是褒义词,所以A、B自然落选。结合上一空,应该选C。

13. D。 根据后文关于种树的内容,此空选forest。

14. B。 联系后文“他”种树不用浇水的见解,这里应该填ideas。

15. C。 这里要填school,是“学派、流派”的意思。把这位医生对种树的个人见解称为school有幽默的成分在里面。

16. D。 根据后文解释,应该问的是为什么。

17. C。 应该是树的后代,填generation。

18. D。 填rough。不要让树感觉太舒适,应让树们感到生活艰难,以便淘汰掉弱者,从而让强者的基因延续下去,从而提高树木整体的生命质量。

19. B。 填plant。作者用一棵松树做例子。

20. C。 填watering。他不但不浇水,还把报纸卷起来抽打它。

21. A。 作者又问,填asked。

22. B。 抽打树的目的是要引起它的注意(引起注意是保持旺盛生命力的有效方法,比如对被困井下的人喊话)。

23. C。 作者讲述自己的种树经历作为对照。后面提到“两年”,说明这事发生在几年以前。

24. A。 导致什么样的结果是result in。

25. D。 wait on意为“照顾,服侍”。

26. B。 a couple of years为固定搭配,意为“几年”。

27. C。 根据后文big和healthy,所以应填strong。

28. A。 while表示对照。

29. C。 指代前面的life,用it。

30. B。 树“reach deep into the earth”的部分当然是root。

31. C。 他逐户推销的目的是为自己挣学费。

32. B。 年轻男孩本想讨要食物,一见到开门的女孩很漂亮便改了口。这其中的原委是经过对男孩的心理活动分析得来。

33. B。 根据后文“在此之前他几乎放弃”。

34. A。 结合文章可推断Kelly医生为她付了账。

35. C。 对文中提到的几件事排序。b排最后,答案可确定选C。

36. B。 该题是关于另一位运动员的,根据第四段第一句话可以看出B的说法正确。

37. D。 根据上下文,it指代Johnson艰苦的训练。

38. A。 广告的目的是推销产品或服务,所以选A。

39. C。 综合上下文及文体分析,这应该是指一家旅行社。

40. B。 从正文部分的第一句可知。

41. B。 由文章第二段第二句可知。

42. D。 根据第三段可知。

43. C。 根据文章星期天的活动安排“FOLK MUSIC at The Derby Arms. The Short Stuff and residents the Norman Chop Trio”可推知此题答案为C。

44. A。 根据文章星期五活动安排的第一句“JAZZ with the Mike Thomas Jazz Band at The Derby Arms”可推知此题答案为A。

45. C。 根据星期六活动安排最后一句“…the electric accordion. Tel: 789—4536”可推知此题答案为C。

46. B。 根据星期六活动安排第四项“FAMILY night out? Join the sing-along at The Black Horse”可推知此题答案为B。

47. D。 本文主题是英国的茅草屋。

48. A。 由第三段最后一句可知。