eat的过去式和过去分词范文
时间:2023-04-07 10:04:49
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篇1
一、原形、过去式和过去分词的词形和读音都相同的单词,结尾字母一般是t或d。如:
cut- cut-cut, hit-hit-hit, put-put-put, cost-cost-cost, let-let-let, shut-shut-shut, set-set-set, hurt-hurt-hurt, spread-spread-spread
特殊:动词read的过去式和过去分词虽然词形与原形一致,read-read-read,但发音分别是[ri:d]-[red]-[red]。
二、有些动词的过去分词与原形是一样的。如:
come- came-come, become-became-become, run-ran-run, overcome-overcame-overcome
三、有些动词的过去式和过去分词相同。如:
1. 把单词结尾的字母d改为t。如:
lend -lent-lent, spend-spent-spent, send-sent-sent
2. 改变单词中间元音字母。如:
sit- sat-sat, win-won-won, shine-shone-shone, hold-held-held
3. 以eep结尾的动词,把eep改为ept。如:
keep-kept-kept, sleep-slept-slept, sweep-swept-swept
4. 过去式和过去分词都以augh或ough结尾的动词。如:
buy-bought-bought, fight-fought-fought, think-thought-thought, bring-brought-brought, teach-taught-taught, catch-caught-caught
5. 有的以ay结尾的动词,在过去式和过去分词中把ay变成aid。如:
say-said-said, lay-laid-laid, pay-paid-paid
6. 另有一些其它形式的变化。如:
have-had-had, learn-learnt-learnt, leave-left-left, lose-lost-lost, make-made-made, meet-met-met, feel-felt-felt
四、有些动词原形中含有字母i,在过去式中变i为a,在过去分词中变i为u。如:
五、以字母ow或aw结尾的动词,在变成过去式时,通常把元音字母变成e,在变成过去分词时,通常只在词尾加n。如:
blow -blew- blown, draw-drew-drawn, grow-grew-grown, throw-threw-thrown, know-knew-known
六、有些动词的过去分词是在原形词尾加n或en,变成以en结尾的单词。如:
篇2
[关键词]形式;意义;用法
[中图分类号]G642
[文献标识码]A
语法是研究语言的规则的科学。其研究对象是“词的构成、屈折变化、相互关系、词在句中的功能和关系以及用词造句的规则。”其特点是显性的,钢性的,规定性的,有时也是描述性的。英语语法从本质上讲,具有三个相互独立,又相互依存,同时又相互联系的层面,即,形式层面、意义层面和用法层面。这三个层面从不同的角度诠释了英语语法的准确性、表意性和合适性。
一、形式层面
英语语法的形式层面是指英语语法的表层结构形式,可以简单理解为某个语法结构怎样构成的。这是使用语法规则的起点,语言学习者要做到能够准确地构造某个语法结构,这是语法结构的准确性问题。以虚拟语气为例:
虚拟语气的形式有两种:
(一)对现在或将来情况进行一种不真实的假设
条件句的谓语动词用“过去式”,主句的谓语动词用“would+动词原形”(对现在或将来的情况进行不真实的假设)
例如:
If I were you,I would have a trv.
If it snowed in summer,I would believe what you said.
(二)对已经过去的情况进行一种不真实的假设
条件句的谓语动词用“had+动词的过去分词”,主句的谓语动词用“would+have+动词的过去分词”表示。(对过去的情况进行不真实的假设)
If the doctor had come earlier yesterday,the boy would havebeen saved.
这是虚拟语气对谓语动词的形式的钢性的规定,且谓语动词的形式的变化是显性的。这是一个语法结构存在的前提和基础,如果形式不对,那么也就无所谓意义,更谈不上用法了。
二、意义层面
英语语法的意义层面是指某个语法结构形式表达的特定意义。英语是以动词为基础,以语法结构形式为架构的形态型语言。因此,特定意义一般是相对应于特定的结构形式而言的,或者说,某一个特定的语法结构形式能够表达某一个特定的意义。对于一个句子,它的含义不仅仅是来自于句中所使用的词汇的含义,而是还有来自于其定语法结构所含有的语法意义。可以说,英语语法的意义层面是指英语语法结构的表意性。以虚拟语气为例:
虚拟语气所具备的语法意义是“说话人的意图是对某一种情况进行的一种不真实的假设。”(黄兴亚,2011:33)而虚拟语气的这种意义又必须通过谓语动的形式得以体现。
虚拟语气的第一种形式“条件句的谓语动词用过去式,主句的谓语动词用“would+动词原形”这一形式所表示的意义是“说话的意图是对现在或将来的情况进行不真实的假设。”(黄兴亚,2011:33)说话人的这种意图在具体的语言环境中,是靠语法结构的形式来体现的。
例如:
If I were you,I would have a trv.
上面这句有三层意思:
1.说话人的意图是对现在的情况进行一种不真实的假设。
2.说话人的意图是通过谓语动词的形式得以体现。
其语法形式是条件句的谓语动词用“动词的过去式(were)表示,主句的谓语动词用“用would+动词原形(would have)”。
3.这句话的语法形式所表达的意义是:
“如果我是你,我会尝试一下的。”
虚拟语气的第二种形式“条件句的谓语动词用“had+动词的过去分词”,主句的谓语动词用“would+have+动词的过去分词”所表示的意义是“说话人的意图是对已经过去的情况进行一种不真实的假设。”(黄兴亚,2011:33)说话人的这种意图在具体的语言环境中,也是靠语法结构的形式来体现的。
例如:
If the doctor had come earlier yesterday, the boy would havebeen saved.
上面这句有三层意思:
说话人的意图是对现在的情况进行一种不真实的假设。
说话人的意图是通过谓语动词的形式得以体现。
其语法形式是条件句的谓语动词用“had+动词的过去分词”,主句的谓语动词用“would+have+动词的过去分词”。
(3)这句话的语法形式所表达的意义是:
“如果昨天医生早一点来的话,这个孩子就有救了。”
语法结构所表达的意义是语法结构存在的关键,如果一个语法结构光有其形式,不能表达某种特定的意义,那么,这个语法结构就没有存在的必要,更谈不上其用途了。
三、用法
英语语法的用法层面是指“在什么时候和为什么”要使用某一语法结构。英语语法的用法层面,讨论的是某一个语法结构在使用时的合适性的问题。众所周知,语言是交流的工具,语言不能独立于使的语境,而独立存在。任何语法结构形式都只有在具体的语境中才能体现出某种特定的意义。因此,某种语法结构形式在实际交流中,所表达的特定意义与语境有密切的关系,这就决定了在特定的语境中,要采用哪种特定的语法结构,才能表达特定的意义才合适,这就是语法结构的合适性的问题。
形式、意义和用法是密切相关的,有时难以严格界定。一定的语法形式,表达了特定的意义,而一定的意义,在特定的语言环境,又通过特定的语法形式得以体现。
以虚拟语气为例:
虚拟语气的适用的语境范畴是,说话人的意图是对现在的、将来的或者已经过去的情况,进行一种不真实的推测。而说话人的意图在语言交际中,只能通过谓语动词的形式(语法结构的形式)来体现。
如果具体的言语交际中,说话要对现在或将来情况进行一种不真实的假设,那么,他只能借助虚拟语气这个语法结构的形式来体现其意图和虚拟意义。即,对现在或将来的情况,进行不真实的假设,条件句的谓语动词用“过去式”,主句的谓语动词用“would+动词原形”。对已经过去的情况,进行不真实的假设,“条件句的谓语动词用“had+动词的过去分词”,主句的谓语动词用“would+have+动词的过去分词”。
例如:
A:I cant sleep the night before an exam. Then I'm too tired todo well. What should I d0?
B: If I were you,I would eat a lot of food to calm down.
A: That sounds a good idea.I will have a trv.
这段对话发生的语境是:A对B说,他考试前睡不着,很累,他不知道怎么办。B就对A说的情况,进行了一种不真实的假设,如果他是A的话,就多多的吃东西,让自己平静下来。在这个对话中,B借助虚拟语气这个语法结构的形式来体现其意图和虚拟意义,同时,其语法结构的形式以及基虚拟意义的合适性,也借助对话的语境得以检验,从而使对话得以进行下去。
结 语
篇3
例如:So did she和So she did这两个句型的用法。
我在大屏幕上打出So did she, So she did,给学生留足时间自己复习。然后打出下面两组句子让他们比较、讨论,说出为什么。
I. A: I enjoyed the book.(我喜欢这本书。)
B: So did I.(我也喜欢真本书。)
II. A: Father, you promised.(父亲,你答应了的。)
B: Well, so I did.(我是答应过了。)
学生举手,争着发言:前景句若是肯定句,此种情况也适合另外的人或物时,用So+助动词(be, have, do, can, will….)+主语;前景句是肯定句,而后一句的句义对前一句的重复,用以强调时,用So+主语+助动词(be, have, do, can, will….)。第I组句子中的两个“I”是不同的两个人,故用倒装句语序;第II句子中的you和I是同一个人,故用陈述句语序。
我先表扬他们,接着又用英语问道:什么时候用neither/nor+倒装句语序呢?学生回答以后,我在大屏幕上打出练习如下,让学生分组讨论。
选择正确答案填空:
1、Mr Cheng is a teacher and work hard, _________his wife.
A. so is;B. so does;C. so it is with;D. it is the same with
2、A: Tom is a student but he does not study hard.
B: ______Mary.
A. Neither is;B. so it is with;C. So does;D. it is the same with
3、A: Jack isn’t a student and doesn’t study.
B: ______Mike.
A. It is the same with;B. Nor does;C. So it is with;D. Neither is
4、A: Men can’t live without air and water.
B: _____animals.
A. So it is with;B. It is the same with;C. Neither can;D. Nor can
学生讨论非常热烈,争论得很厉害。有的查词典有的查语法书,各找各的根据。最后我让学生说出自己的答案和理由,我不发表意见。待学生讲完之后,我进行总结:
1、CD;2、BD;3、AC;4、ABCD。因为It is the same with…和So it is with….意思是“……也是一样”,所以前景句所涉及的任何内容(不管是肯定的,还是否定的;不管是表示状态的,还是动作的。)只要适合另外的人或物,都可以用这两个句型。
“你有一个苹果,我有一个苹果,咱们交换一下,每人就有两个苹果。”
我们经常召开学习经验交流会,介绍好的学习方法,口诀和顺口溜等巧学妙记。例如
(1)以f结尾的名词变复数,特殊情况有几个?
一个农奴(serf)从海湾(gulf)来到房顶(roof)上,
有了证据(proof),
增加了信仰(belief),
加上-s成对成双。
(2)以o结尾只加-es变为复数的名词。
我们用这个句子帮助集中。Negroes and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes(黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿。)
(3)基数词变为序数词。
我们利用下面口诀进行详细地讲解。
基数词变为序数词,一般要加-th。
一、二、三特别记,八去t,
九去e,f代替v和e,
y变为ie,然后加上-th。
基数词若是多位数,只变个位不变十。
例如:one--first, two--second, three-third, eight--eighth, nine-ninth, twenty-twentieth, thirty--thirtieth, twenty-one--twenty-first, one hundred and twenty-one?one hundred and twenty-first, etc.
(4)不规则的比较级和最高级
我们用了这样一个顺口溜:
形容词副词比较级,不规则的要牢记。
合二为一有三对,
坏(bad, badly,)病(ill)两多(many, much)两个好(good, well),
一分为二有两个,
一个“远”(far)来,一个“老”(old),
还有一词(little)有双意,
只记“少”来,不记“小”。
即:bad /badly/ ill-wore-worst;many/ much-more-most, good/ well-better-best, far-farther/further-farthest/furthest, old-older/elder-oldest/eldest。little作“小”解,没有比较级/最高级形式。
当复习到动词不定式(短语)作宾语补足语时,我们就进行了综合集中,把动词不定式(短语)作宾语补足语不带to的所有及物动词进行了归纳。我们用了这样一个口诀帮助学生学习。
(5)不定式作宾补何时不带to?下面口诀给帮助。
“两听”、“五看”、“一感觉”,使役动词有三个。
help, find之后可带可不带(to),它们可以排在外。
两听,即hear, listen to;五看,即see, watch, notice, observe, look at;一感觉,即feel。
(6)接-ing作宾语的及物动词有那些?我们用了这样一个虚构词“madpsfmeicarfe”,其汉语谐音为“卖的不是发霉咖啡”帮助归纳记忆。每一个字母代表一个英语单词。m-mind(介意),a-avoid(避免),d-delay(推迟),p-practise(练习),s-stop(停止),f-finish(完成),a-advise(建议),m-miss(错过),e-escape(逃脱),I-insiston(坚持),c-can’t help(禁不住),a-admit(承认),r-risk(冒险),f-fancy(认为,想象),e-enjoy(喜爱)。
当我们复习到及物动词后宾语从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形时,我们就用这样一个口诀进行集中:
(7)一坚持,二命令,三建议,四要求
其宾语从句用“should+动词原形”,
should既可以省略,
should也可以保留。
一坚持,即insist;二命令,即order, command;三建议,即suggest, propose, advise;四要求,即ask, demand, require, request。
(8)所属关系用to的情况我们这样集中:
钥匙答案纪念碑,注释索引和附录,
出口入口桥与路,参观介绍多用to。
例如:the key to the bike自行车的钥匙,
the answer to the question问题的答案,
the Monument to the People’s Heroes人民英雄纪念碑,
the note to the text课文注释,
the exit to the cinema电影院出口,
the bridge to knowledge知识桥梁,
the way to the school去学校的路,
pay a visit to the Great Wall参观长城等。
复习时态、语态时,先把不规则动词的过去式、过去分词集中归纳。然后将各种动词形式归纳比较,解决规则动词形式变化和各种时态构成的问题。例如:(9)1AAA式put put put, set set set, cut cut cut等。
2ABB式buy bought bought, bring brought brought, spend spent spent等。
3ABA式come came come, become became become, run ran run等。
4ABC式do did done, draw drew drawn, fly flew flown等。
(10)1现在进行时与过去进行时
am
主语+is+动词现在词
are
was
主语++动词现在分词
were
2现在完成时与过去成时
have
主语++动词过去分词
has
主语+had+动词过去分词
3一般将来时与过去将来时
shall
主语++动词原形
will
am
主语+be is+going to+动词原形
are
should
主语++动词原形
would
was
主语+be going to+动词原形
were
我们把这六种时态集中比较,就可以让学生把握其中的规律,对于中学英语时态了如指掌。
我们把He does his homework every evening.这个句子变成八种时态,然后再把它们变成否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、反疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等。这样既复习了八种时态,又复习了各种句型转换。
篇4
一、 完全倒装:谓语动词完全置于主语之前的句子。主要句型有:
1. 副词here, there, now, then, thus置于句首
例1 (2010江苏卷) ―Is everyone here?
―Not yet... Look, there _____ the rest of our guests.
A. come B. comes C. is coming D. are coming
解析 本题既考查there放在句首引起的倒装,又考查主谓一致,还考查了句子的时态。由the rest of our guests判断,谓语动词应该用复数形式,而此类句型应该用一般现在时或一般过去时,不应该用进行时态,故应选择A项。
2. 表示方位的副词或介词短语置于句首时
例2 (2010重庆卷) At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River _____, one of the ten largest cities in China.
A. lies Chongqing B. Chongqing lies
C. does lie Chongqing D. does Chongqing lie
解析 句意:在扬子江和嘉陵江交汇处,坐落着中国十大城市之一的重庆。介词短语at the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River是这个句子的地点状语,置于句首,所以引起句子的完全倒装,故A项正确。
3. “表示动作趋向性的副词+不及物动词+主语”句型
例3 I tried to come closer to watch the bird, but as soon as it noticed me, _____ into the woods.
A. away it flew B. away flew it C. did it fly away D. did away it fly
解析 句意:我尽量走近去观看那只鸟,可是它一注意到我,就飞进树林里去了。该句将动作趋向性的副词away放在句首,应该用完全倒装句型,但是当句子的主语为代词时,主谓不倒装,故应选择A项。这样的动作趋向性的副词有:out, in, up, down, off, away等。
4. such置于句首
例4 (2009辽宁卷) _____ is the power of TV that it can make a person suddenly famous.
A. Such B. This C. That D. So
解析 句意:电视的威力如此,以至于它能使人骤然成名。此句型中,从题干上看,主谓已经倒装过来,所以应将such置于句首。另外,此句型中be动词应该与其后的“真正的主语”保持一致。
注意:在以上所有的完全倒装句型中,主语必须是名词才能引起完全倒装,如果主语是代词,句子则不倒装。
二、 部分倒装
只将谓语的一部分(多为助动词、系动词be或情态动词)置于主语之前的句子,叫部分倒装句。部分倒装句有以下几种句型:
1. only 修饰状语放在句首
例1 (2011全国I卷) Only when he reached the tea house _____ it was the same place he’d been in last year.
A. he realized B. he did realize C. realized D. did he realize
解析 句意:直到他到了茶馆,他才意识到这就是他去年来过的地方。only修饰when引导的时间状语从句置于句首,所以引起句子部分倒装,将助动词did提至主语he前面,故D项正确。
2. 否定副词never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom等置于句首
例2 (2011福建卷) ―It’s nice. Never before _____ such a special drink!
―I’m glad you like it.
A. I have had B. I had C. have I had D. had I
解析 句意:――太棒了。我以前从来没喝过这么独特的饮料!――很高兴您喜欢。因为never置于句首,所以引起句子部分倒装,根据句中的never before应该用现在完成时态,所以选择C项。
3. 句型“so / neither / nor + be / have / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语”
这种句型分两种形式,“so + be / have / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语”意为“……也是如此”;“neither / nor + be / have / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语”意为“……也不这样”。
例3 (2008 辽宁卷) Bill wasn’t happy about the delay of the report by Jason, and ____.
A. I was neither B. neither was I C. I was either D. either was I
解析 句意:比尔对杰森耽搁报告很不高兴,我也很不高兴。neither是否定意义的词,表示“也不”,将它放在句首,句子部分倒装,故应选B项。
例4 (2007江苏卷) ―My room gets very cold at night.
―_____.
A. So is mine B. So mine is
C. So does mine D. So mine does
解析 句意:――我的房间晚上很冷。――我的也是。上句用的是gets, 所以下句应该用助动词does,C项正确。注意:这种倒装结构要与so开头的强调句区别开来。例如:
例5 (2006江西卷) ―I reminded you not to forget the appointment.
―______.
A. So you did B. So I do not C. So did you D. So do I
解析 句意:――我提醒过你不要忘了约会。――你确实提醒过我。此句根据句意应该用强调结构“so + 主语 + be / have / 助动词 / 情态动词”,意为“……的确如此”,此题应选择A项。
4. “so + adj. / adv....that...”句型
该句型意为“如此……以至于……”,that引导结果状语从句,如果将so置于句首,则引起主句倒装,而that引导的从句不倒装。
例6 (2009山东卷) So sudden _____ that the enemy had no time to escape.
A. did the attack B. the attack did
C. was the attack D. the attack was
解析 句意:这次袭击如此突然,以至于敌人没有时间逃跑。“so + 形容词”放在句首时,引起主句部分倒装。因为sudden是形容词,在句中作表语,所以应该用was,故C项正确。
5. “not only... but(also)... ”句型
此句型意为“不但……而且……”,如果将not only 放在句首,引起句子前半部分倒装,but also后的部分仍然用正常语序。
例7 (2009宁夏・海南卷) The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only _______, but students became more interested in the lessons.
A. saved was teachers’ energy B. was teachers’ energy saved
C. teachers’ energy was saved D. was saved teachers’ energy
解析 句意:电脑被用于教学,结果不仅仅是老师省力了,而且学生对课也更感兴趣了。将not only放在句首,所以其后的句子将助动词was提到主语之前,故B项正确。
6. “not until... ”置于句首的句型
例8 (2010江西卷) Not until he left his home _____ to know how important the family was for him.
A. did he begin B. had he begun
C. he began D. he had began
解析 句意:直到他离开家他才开始了解家庭对他来说多么重要。not until 置于句首,引起主句部分倒装,根据句意,应选用一般过去时,所以将助动词did提到主语之前,故A项正确。
例9 (2010江西卷) It was _____ he came back from Africa that year ______ he met the girl he would like to marry.
A. when; then B. not; until C. not until; that D. only; when
解析 句意:是直到他那年从非洲回来时,他才遇到了他想娶的女孩。此句不是倒装句,而是not... until 结构的强调句。所以应选择C项。
注意:not... until结构倒装句与强调句的区别。原则是:强调不倒装,倒装不强调。
7. as / though 引导的让步状语从句
as / though引导的让步状语从句采用倒装结构,句型为“adj. / adv. / 动词原形 / 不带冠词的名词+as / though+主语+谓语”。
例10 (2009重庆卷) Unsatisfied _____ with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience.
A. though was he B. though he was
C. he was though D. was he though
解析 句意:尽管对工资不满意,但为获得一些工作经验,他还是接受了这份工作。though引导状语从句可用倒装的形式,此句是主系表结构,倒装时将从句中的表语形容词unsatisfied置于句首,故B项正确。此句though引导,也可以不倒装,前半句也可写为:Though he was unsatisfied with the payment。
8. if 引导条件状语从句表虚拟语气,if省略引起的倒装
if引导条件状语从句用于虚拟语气,如将if省略,则将were, had或should提到句首,形成倒装形式。
例11 (2006湖北卷) _______ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A. Would you be B. Should you be
C. Could you be D. Might you be
解析 句意:万一你被解雇,你的医疗救助和其他方面的福利不会立即被取消。正确判断此题答案可以分两步:首先,弄清楚if条件句中根据时间确定的三种动词虚拟形式,即:had+过去分词(与过去有关),动词的过去式(与现在有关),did/were to do/should do (与将来有关);第二步:根据主句的时态可判断出从句动作与将来有关,所以要用与将来有关的虚拟,由此可选出正确答案为B项,相当于If you should be fired... 。
9. “adj./分词+be+主语”句型
当主语前置时,如果主语较长或者主语结构比较复杂,这种主语的前置就会引起倒装。(为了平衡句子需要,或者出于强调的目的,会将句子的主语后置,这种倒装多见于将句子的现在分词、过去分词或形容词提到句首。例如:
Happy indeed are those who receive marvelous news after a long silence. 在漫长的静默等待后得到这么好的消息,那些人简直是乐坏了。
Sitting at the back of the room was a shy girl with two big eyes. 坐在教室后面的是一个害羞的有着两只大眼睛的女孩。
Gone are the days when we used foreign oil. 我们用洋油的日子一去不复返了。
处理好倒装句的解题关键是首先判断是部分倒装还是完全倒装,在熟悉了高考倒装句考点的这几种句型后,题目自然迎刃而解。
【巩固练习】
1. Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to my program. ____ me this evening is Dr. Gray.
A. To join B. Join C. Joined D. Joining
2. Out _____, with a stick in his hand.
A. did he rush B. rushed he C. he rushed D. he did rush
3. _____ you eat the correct foods _____ be able to keep fit and stay healthy.
A. Only if; will you B. Only if; you will
C. Unless; will you D. Unless; you will
4. We laugh at jokes, but seldom _____ about how they work.
A. we think B. think we C. we do think D. do we think
5. John opened the door. There _____ he had never seen before.
A. a girl did stand B. a girl stood
C. did a girl stand D. stood a girl
篇5
一、 词汇负迁移
词汇是写作的最基本的材料。学生如果对英语词汇的用法不清楚,在写作时就会自然地依赖汉语,从而导致错误。词汇错误主要表现以下几个方面:
1. 词语搭配不当
学生受汉语思维影响,会把一个个汉字和英语单词“配对”,从而出现错误搭配。例如,把“吃药”译成“eat medicine”, 把“大雨”、“大风”、“大雾”译成big rain, big wind, big fog。
2. 词性误用
汉语中的许多词往往“身兼数职”,一词多性,但英语中不同词性的词往往词形也不同。所以有些学生在英语写作时,受汉语迁移的影响,只注意到词义,却忽视了词性,造成错误,如“As we all know, smoking is harmful to one?蒺s healthy.”、 “Study English is very important.”、 “This morning I at home.”、 “He did it very good.”等。
3. 语法负迁移对词汇的影响
汉语中无冠词,而英语对冠词却有严格要求。所以当学生翻译“我是学生。”、“他正在研究贝多芬的生平。”等句子时,常会漏掉必要的冠词。
另外,汉语中对名词的复数形式没有绝对要求,甚至不存在可数名词与不可数名词之说。但英语则不同,对于复数可数名词,即使其前面已经有表明复数含义的修饰词,名词本身也需变为复数形式。
同样,动词的单三人称形式,过去式及过去分词形式,也是中国学生在英语学习中常出错的地方。
二、 句法负迁移
1. 字对字死译
有些学生在英语写作时,不考虑英语的句法结构,常根据要表达的汉语意思,将汉语的字词一一对应地用英语词汇来替换,如“I usually by bike to go to school.”、 “We very like our school.”等。
2. 无实义动词或两(多)个动词直接连用
汉语中有些句子可以没有谓语动词,而英语中一个完整的句子必须有谓语动词。学生受汉语思维的影响,容易将形容词或介词作动词用,写出缺少be动词的句子,如“The film very interesting.”、 “Our school more and more beautiful.”等。
另外,汉语中“连动词组”可以作谓语。受此影响,学生在英语写作时常连续使用动词,造成双(多)谓语错误句型。例如: I like play basketball very much.
3. “There be ...”句型的误用
中国学生很爱用“There be ...”结构,但使用时却往往出错。如写出There are many students play basketball on the playground. 这样的句子就是受汉语负迁移的影响,还有的学生则把“there be”结构误用为“There have ...”。
4. 关联词的误用
英语重形合,所以句子前后的关联照应手段是显示的。而汉语则重意合,只要语义清楚,句子前后的关联照应手段是隐式的。受汉语思维的影响,学生在写作时常会省略必要的关联词,写出He falls ill, he can not go to school today. 这样的句子。同时,汉语中常成对出现的连词,“因为……所以……”,“虽然……但是……”等也往往对中学生的英语写作造成负迁移。
三、 语篇层面的负迁移
在篇章结构方面,英美人写作时常以主题句统领下文。而汉语在写作上讲究含蓄和曲径通幽。受汉语思维的影响,中国学生在进行英语写作时,不会使用主题句和衔接手段,写出的文章常显得结构松散,重点不突出,语句不流畅。
四、 克服汉语负迁移的策略与途径
1. 加强对比分析,了解语言差异
教师可以采用对比分析的方法,比较英语与汉语的异同,让学生做一些汉译英练习,通过对比,使学生感悟英语思维的特点,培养其用英语思维的习惯,减少死译的现象。
2. 增加语言输入,为写作打下坚实基础
造成母语迁移的一个重要原因是缺乏足够的目的语输入。因此,英语教师在教学过程中应鼓励学生多读、多练、多背,大量输入目的语,增加语感,克服母语负迁移,提高写作能力。
3. 加强写作指导,提高学生写作技能
篇6
Different people have different lifestyles. 不同的人有不同的生活方式。
【巧记】 lifestyle 是合成词,可以分解为“life + style”。其中,“style”意思是“方式”。
【联想】 hairstyle 发型如:Her hairstyle is in fashion. 她的发型很时尚。
【拓展】 in style 时髦如:She dresses in style. 她穿着时髦。
【搭配】 free style 自由风格family style 家常便饭式的
modern style 时髦式样international style 国际样式
2. noon名词,意为“正午”。
Its noon. = Its the middle of the day. = Its 12 oclock.
【搭配】 at noon 在晌午如:At noon,the sun is high in the sky. 中午,烈日当空。
【联想】 afternoon 下午,in the afternoon 在下午
We usually have afternoon tea at four.我们通常4点喝下午茶。
3. keep动词 意为“保持”。
We must keep our classroom clean and tidy.我们须保持教室干净整洁。
【搭配】 keep in touch 保持联系keep up with 跟上
He still keeps in touch with his English teacher after he finishes school. 他中学毕业后,还和英语老师保持联系。
He tries his best to keep up with his classmates. 他尽力跟上他的同班同学。
【易错提醒】 keep的过去式为“kept”。
【拓展】 keep sb. doing 让某人一直做某事keep sb. from doing 阻止某人做某事
Im sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time. 让你久等我很抱歉。
The rain kept people from attending the meeting. 大雨让人们无法出席那个会议。
4. sweet名词,意为“糖果、甜点”;形容词,意为“甜的”。
The apples taste so sweet. 那些苹果尝起来很甜。
The famous singer has a sweet voice. 那位著名歌唱家嗓音甜美。
Too many sweets are bad for our teeth. 糖吃多了对牙齿不好。
【联想】 ① 在美国英语里,糖果为“candy”。
Would you like some candies?来点儿糖果好吗?
② 表示味觉的除了sweet“甜的”以外,还有sour 酸的,bitter 苦的,hot 辣的。sweetly 是其副词形式,如:She smiles sweetly at him. 她对他嫣然一笑。
【搭配】 sweet potato 山芋,白薯,甘薯
5. health名词,意为“健康”。
Smoking can do harm to your health. 吸烟有害健康。
【联想】 wealth 意为“财富”。
Health is more important than wealth. 健康比财富更重要。
【巧记】 health的形容词形式healthy,副词形式为healthily。
We must eat healthily. 我们必须健康饮食。
Though his grandpa is over 80,he still looks healthy. 他爷爷虽然80多岁,但看上去依然很健康。
【搭配】 in good health 身体健康in bad health 身体不佳
health care 卫生保健health club 健身俱乐部health center 卫生所
【易错提醒】 形容词healthy的比较级、最高级是“healthier,healthiest”。
6. fit形容词,意为“健康的,合适的”;动词,意为“适合”。
He is fit to do the job. 他适合做这事。
The dancer needs energy to keep fit and healthy. 那位舞者需要能量来保持健康。
The coat fits me well. 这外套很合我身。
【易错提醒】 形容词fit的比较级、最高级是fitter,fittest。动词fit的过去式、过去分词是fit/fitted,fit/fitted。
【原句再现1】 Its half past ten.
【结构解析】 此句型是表达时间的一种方式。如:
6∶45 a quarter to seven7∶15 a quarter past seven
【句型运用】 完成句子:
A: What time is it now?B: Its (十二点半).
【答案】 half past twelve
【原句再现2】 And hamburgers are not good for us.
【结构解析】 be good for 表示对……有益处。be good to 表示对……态度友好。
be good at 表示擅长做某事。
Our English teacher is good to us. 我们英语老师待我们很好。
【句型运用】
()1. Im good playing chess.
A. atB toC withD for
()2. Eating more vegetables is good our health.
A. atB toC withD for
()3. My classmates was good me when I was ill last week.
A. atB toC withD for
【答案】 1. A2. D3. B
【原句再现3】 How often does Kitty dance?
【结构解析】 how often用来提问某动作或状态发生的频率,对“一段时间内发生了几次活动”(always,usually,often,never或twice a day等表示频度的词或短语)提问时用;how soon用来提问某人要“多快”能做好某事,或某事要“多快”能完成,常用于将来时。how long用来询问事物长度或时间的长度;而how far意思是“多远”,对距离提问时用。
【句型运用】
()1. ― will your father come back?― In an hour.
A. How farB How oftenC How soonD How long
()2. ― is your home from here?― About 2 kilometers.
A. How farB How oftenC How soonD How long
()3. ― do you go to the park?― Once a week.
A. How farB How oftenC How soonD How long
()4. ― is the Changjiang River? ― About 6,400 kilometers.
A. How farB How oftenC How soonD How long
【答案】 1. C2. A3. B4. D
【原句再现4】 Would you like some vegetables?
【结构解析】 “Would you like + 名词” 表示“你想要点……?”
“Would you like +to do sth.”表示“你想要做……吗?”
“Would you please + do sth.”表示“请你做……,好吗?”
【易错提醒】 在询问对方意见的句式中,用“some”而不用“any”。
【句型运用】 翻译:再喝点茶好吗?
【答案】 Would you like some more tea?
1. 可数名词与不可数名词
可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西,因此,可数名词有单、复数形式;不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西,它一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式。
单数可数名词前可以用a,an,the,this,that修饰。其中,以元音音素开头的可数名词前用“an”。如:an hour,an engineer,an orange等等。
复数可数名词前可以用some,many,a lot of,enough,these,those等来修饰。如:many hamburgers,two books,a lot of apples,……
不可数名词前可以用the,some,much,a lot of,enough,a little等来修饰。如:enough water,much milk,some water,……;不可数名词也可以和量词连用,如: two pieces of paper,a glass of juice,three kilos of beef,four cartons of milk,……
2. 可数名词复数形式的构成
直接+sdaydaysboyboys以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i,+escountrycountrieslibrarylibraries以s,sh,ch,x结尾;部分以o结尾,+esclassclassesbrushbrusheswatchwatches
heroheroesmangomangoes以f,fe结尾,变f,fe为v,+eswifewivesshelfshelveswolfwolvesknifeknives不规则变化mousemicedeerdeerchildchildrenmanmen【语法运用】
()1. I have two photos. Would you like to have a look at ?
A. itB themC theyD its
()2. I need two .
A. beefB milkC waterD eggs
()3. Miss Wang is English teacher. We all like her.
A. aB anC theD /
()4. ― Do you know the names?― Yes,I do.
A. boyB boysC boysD boys
【答案】 1. B2. D3. B4. D
【原题再现1】 用括号中所给单词的适当形式完成句子。
Board games are more and more popular among .(teenager)(2012・上海市中考题)
【答案解析】 本题考查可数名词复数形式。棋盘游戏在青少年中越来越普及了。答案为teenagers。
【原题再现2】
― What do you think of film about Zhan Tianyou?
― Its good film.(2012・天津市中考题)
A. the; theB a; theC the; aD a,a
【答案解析】 本题考查名词与冠词的搭配。根据句意,有关詹天佑的电影是特指,用定冠词修饰,一部好电影是泛指,用a修饰。本题答案为C。
【原题再现3】
Lin Shuhao is good basketball player in the NBA.(2012・重庆市中考题)
A. aB anC theD /
【答案解析】 林书豪是一名出色的NBA篮球运动员。本题考查可数名词前用“a”修饰,表示泛指种类。答案选A。
【原题再现4】
― Bill,whats your sisters favourite ?
― She likes volleyball best.(2012・重庆市中考题)
A. foodB colourC sportD movie
【答案解析】 本题的四个选项均是名词。但联系下文,与“volleyball”有关的名词只能是“sport”。答案选C。
【原题再现5】
The Golden Gate Bridge is a famous landmark in San Francisco,the USA. Which of the following words is created in the same way as the word landmark?(2012・南京市中考题)
A. unpleasantB uselessC summertimeD surprising
【答案解析】 本题考查构词法。landmark是由land和mark两个词组成的合成词。再如:lifestyle,blackboard,classroom等等。四个选项中只有summertime是合成词。故选C。
【原题再现6】 根据括号中所给的汉语写出单词,使句子意思完整正确。
The teacher always reads the children a (故事) at the end of the day.(2012・南京市中考题)
【答案解析】 本题考查可数名词“story”单数形式的拼写。答案为story。
【原题再现7】
― Do you need any help,Mary?― (2012・武汉市中考题)
A. Yes,please.B Id love to.C Never mind.D Well done.
【答案解析】 本题考查交际用语。问句是“你需要帮忙吗?”,答语应该是“是的,请”。故选A。
【原题再现8】
The smell of success around her shows that she is a Dancing Queen on the stage.(2012・武汉市中考题)
A. sweetB tastyC finalD great
【答案解析】 本题考查形容词和名词的搭配。根据下文“她是舞台上的舞蹈皇后”可知搭配的是“美好的感觉”。故选A。
【原题再现9】
Mom makes me eat an apple every day the doctor away.(2012・杭州市中考题)
A. keepsB is keptC to keepD kept
【答案解析】 本题考查动词不定式作目的状语。故选C。
【原题再现10】 用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空
safefasttoothreadbelong
Youd better brush your twice a day.(2012・福州市中考题)
【答案解析】 本题考查动宾搭配,所给的词当中只有一个可以充当宾语,构成“刷牙”。答案为teeth。
【原题再现11】
― does Mrs Li wash her car?― Once a week.(2012・沈阳市中考题)
A. How longB How oftenC How farD How soon
【答案解析】 本题考查对表示动作频率“once a week”提问的疑问词。答案选B。
【原题再现12】
We need some more coffee. There is only left.(2012・沈阳市中考题)
A. too manyB too muchC a littleD a few
【答案解析】 本题考查不可数名词的用法。能修饰不可数名词的有“a little”和 “too much”两个选项,但联系下文only,说明所剩咖啡不多。故选C。
一、 单项选择
()1. ― Do you like fish?― Yes. Its our health.
A. good toB good forC bad forD bad to
()2. Its a beautiful city. Everyone it clean.
A. need keepB need to keepC needs to keepD needs keeping
()3. Sometimes I feel between meals,so I eat something.
A. tiredB happyC sadD hungry
()4. Cakes have sugar and they are bad for my teeth.
A. too manyB too muchC much tooC many
()5. ― does your sister dance?― Every day.
A. How longB How oftenC How manyD How much
()6. ― is healthy food so important for us?
― Because we need to keep fit.
A. WhatB WhyC WhenD Where
()7. Parents often tell children bedtime .
A. storyB storiesC wishD wishes
()8. Our school a swimming pool and two playgrounds.
A. isB areC haveD has
()9. It rains in the west of China. People there are in great need of water.
A. usuallyB seldomC oftenD sometimes
()10. ― Would you like vegetables?
― Yes. Some green beans,please.
A. someB anyC aD an
二、 词汇运用
A 根据句意及汉语、首字母提示,写出各单词的正确形式。
1. We have three (餐) a day.
2. ― How many (玻璃杯) are there on the table?― Two.
3. ― Could you (点菜) a hamburger for me,mum?― Sure.
4. The (数,数量) of the teachers in our school is about 200.
5. I need to buy a packet of (盐).
6. ― What would you like to have,sir?
― Let me have a look at the m,please.
7. Chips are made of p.
8. June 1 is C Day.
9. Give them a c of tea each,please.
10. ― How long do you sleep every night?― Less t 7 hours.
B 根据句意,用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空。
1. They plan (have) a day out.
2. Healthy food is good for our (healthy).
3. A man usually has about 28-32 (tooth).
4. There will be two football (match) on TV tonight.
5. Your lifestyle is not very healthy. You need to exercise (much) and watch TV less.
三、 完形填空
I have a good friend. 1 name is Tom. He is twelve years old. He is a nice boy,but he eats too 2 and doesnt like sports.
He has a big 3 every morning. He has four eggs,4 bread with butter and a big glass of milk for it. 5 lunch,he eats two hamburgers,a lot of French fries 6 some chicken. He drinks a lot of cola or soda,too. For dinner,he likes beef and salad.
He 7 eats beef,chicken,hamburgers,and eggs. He 8 ice cream,cola and soda,too.
Too much food 9 not good for health. So Tom is very 10.
Now Tom decides to change his diet. He takes exercise every day. I hope hell have a healthy lifestyle.
()1. A. HisB HerC itsD its
()2. A. littleB muchC someD any
()3. A. breakfastB lunchC dinnerD supper
()4. A. twoB two pieceC two piecesD two pieces of
()5. A. ForB OnC WithD without
()6. A. soB andC butD or
()7. A. oftenB neverC seldomD not
()8. A. buysB drinksC dislikesD likes
()9. A. amB isC areD be
()10. A. healthyB fitC thinD fat
四、 阅读理解
Overweight(超重) is one of the biggest health problems now. Being overweight affects more than you look. Too much fat can kill you.
Whats more,overweight children turn into overweight adults. If youre obese now,you will probably grow into an obese adult. But heres good news. You can fight overweight.
Change your eating habits
You are what you eat. Kids like snacks. Whats more,do you list any healthy snacks? One study of eating habits showed that soft drinks are the first in the snack list. Next,kids choose salty snacks,like chips. Whats more,the list is full of junk food from No. 3 to No. 11. Finally,No.12,kids picked a healthy snack―fruit. So,think about your snack choice again.
Get outside to exercise
Jim,a player on his school football team,had a weight problem not long time ago. He could not get anyone to play with him. So his father and he started playing football for a few minutes every night. Ten minutes turned into an hour or more. In just a few years,the heavy kid became athletic,fit and healthy.
More TV means more fat
Nearly every American kid watches TV for 2 hours and 56 minutes every day―that adds up to 44 days a year of sitting. More TV(or more Internet surfing,or more computer games) means more fat.
Eat an apple a day,walk around the house,play with your family...Do it today,and do it more tomorrow. It will help you a lot.
()1. According to the passage,what do kids put at the end of the snack list in one study of eating habits?
A. chipsB ice creamC fruitD soft drinks
()2. What does the underlined word“obese” mean in Chinese?
A. 苗条的B 虚胖的C 健康的D 聪明的
()3. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. When we watch too much TV,we will probably get too much fat.
B A few years ago,Jim was fat.
C. Being overweight only affects how we look.
D. Eating an apple a day is good for our health.
()4. What can we do to fight overweight according to the passage?
① Try to get up early.
② Try to take more exercise.
③ Try not to sit in front of TV or computer for too long.
④ Try to eat more healthy food.
A. ②③④B ①②③C ①③④D ①②④
()5. The passage mainly talks about .
A. one of the biggest health problems,overweight
B how to play football
C. the healthy food
D. how to fight overweight
五、 书面表达
省政府非常关心青少年的生活习惯。最近搞了一份问卷调查。作为一名中学生,请你参加这项活动,并完成70字左右的汇报材料。
What do you usually have for breakfast/lunch/dinner?
How long do you sleep every night?
How long do you surf the internet/play computer games/watch TV?
How often do you exercise?
Keys:
一、 单项选择
1―5 BCDBB6―10 BBDBA
二、 词汇运用
A 1. meals2. glasses3. order4. number5. salt6. menu7. potatoes8. Childrens9. cup10. than
B 1. to have2. health3. teeth4. matches5. more
三、 完形填空
1―5 ABADA6―10 BADBD
四、 阅读理解
1―5 CBCAD
五、 书面表达
One possible version
As a student,its important to have a healthy lifestyle. For breakfast,I usually have some rice with eggs or a bowl of noodles with beef. I have meat and vegetables for lunch. Usually,I have some baozi or mantou for dinner. I also eat an apple a day. On weekdays,I seldom watch TV or play computer games. I only surf the internet at weekends. I go to bed early and get up early every day,so I have enough sleep for about 8 hours. I run for half an hour in the afternoon. Sometimes I play ball games after school.
Do you know American food?
你知道美式食品吗?
“You are what you eat.” Nutrition experts often use this saying to promote better eating habits. What we put in our mouths does become a part of us. But we can look at this statement another way. What we eat reflects who we are―as people and as a culture. Do you want to understand another culture? Then you ought to find out about its food. Learning about American food can give us a real taste of American culture.
“你吃什么就成为什么样子”,营养专家经常用这句话来倡导更好的饮食习惯,入嘴的东西确实成为了我们的一部分。但我们也可以从另一个角度来看这句话,我们所吃的反映出我们自己――不论就人或文化而言。你想了解另一种文化吗?那么你应该去认识他们的食物。认识美国食物可以让我们得知美国文化的精髓。
What is“American food”? At first you might think the answer is easy as pie. To many people,American food means hamburgers,hot dogs,fried chicken and pizza. If you have a “sweet tooth”,you might even think of apple pie or chocolate chip cookies. Its true that Americans do eat those things. But are those the only kind of vittles you can find in America?
何谓“美式食物”?乍听之下你可能认为答案容易得很。对许多人而言,美式食物就是汉堡、热狗、炸鸡和披萨饼。如果你是好吃甜食的人,你可能会想到苹果派或巧克力片饼干。美国人确实吃这些东西,但这些就是你在美国唯一找得到的食物吗?
Except for Thanksgiving turkey,its hard to find a typically “American” food. The United States is a land of immigrants. So Americans eat food from many different countries. When people move to America,they bring their cooking styles with them. Thats why you can find almost every kind of ethnic food in America. In some cases,Americans have adopted foods from other countries as favorites. Americans love Italian pizza,Mexican tacos and Chinese egg rolls. But the American version doesnt taste quite like the original!
除了感恩节火鸡以外,挺难找到典型的美国食物。美国是个移民之地,所以美国人吃的食物来自许多不同的国家。当人们移居美国,他们也将自己的烹调方式带了过来。那也就是为什么在美国你几乎可以看到所有不同民族的食物。在某些情况下,美国人把外国的食物视为最爱。美国人喜爱意大利的披萨,墨西哥的玉米饼和中国的春卷,但是这些东西的美国版味道却不很地道!
Americans living at a fast pace often just “grab a quick bite”. Fast food restaurants offer people on the run everything from fried chicken to fried rice. Microwave dinners and instant foods make cooking at home a snap. Of course,one of the most common quick American meals is a sandwich. If it can fit between two slices of bread,Americans probably make a sandwich out of it. Peanut butter and jelly is an alltime American favorite.
生活在快速步调之下的美国人通常只能“很快地吃几口”。快餐店为赶时间的人提供各种食物,从炸鸡到炒饭,应有尽有。微波炉晚餐和实时餐点使得在家烧饭省事又快速。当然,最平常的美式速餐之一就是三明治。任何能夹在两片土司中间的东西,美国人就可以把它作成一份三明治,花生酱和果酱更是一直都深受美国人的喜爱。
Americans on the go also tend to eat a lot of “junk food”. Potato chips,candy bars,soft drinks and other goodies are popular treats. Many people eat too many of these unhealthy snacks. But others opt for more healthy eating habits. Some even go “all natural”. They refuse to eat any food prepared with chemicals or additives.
忙碌的美国人也趋向于吃一大堆“垃圾食物”。洋芋片、糖果、汽水和其他好吃的东西都颇受欢迎。许多人吃了太多这类不健康的零食,但是其他人则选择较健康的饮食习惯,有些人甚至选择“全天然”的食物,他们拒绝吃任何有化学制品或添加物的食物。
1 “不干不净,吃了生病。”
Filthy food will make you ill.
2 “要想身体好,早餐要吃饱。”
Good breakfast makes you healthy.
3 “饭后百步走,活到九十九。”
A walk after meal makes you live longer.
4 “饭后散步,不进药铺。”
A walk after meal makes you healthy.
5 “药补不如食补。”
Good food do more than the medicine to your body.
6 “吃饭不要闹,吃饱不要跑。”
Do not make noise and run when you having a meal.
7 “气大伤神,食多伤身。”
Too much fury will harm your spirit,too much food will harm your body.
8 “人想长寿安,要减夜来餐。”
If you want to live longer and more healthy,do eat less after dinner.
篇7
关键词 初中英语;语法;教学方法
Celce-Murcia曾说:“引人注意和令人信服的证据表明:没有语法的教学,无论是以理解为基础的,还是以交际为基础的,只能导致蹩脚的、不合语法规则的外语。学生很难超越这个阶段,取得任何进步。”由此可见英语语法对于英语基础学习的重要性,然而现在的初中英语教学常常陷入两个比较极端的境地,要么为了应试教育,过分偏重对语法的学习,而忽略了学生的英语运用能力培养;要么是过分“前卫”,教学过程强调英语的听说能力的培养,以期通过一种轻松愉快的实际操练来培养学生的英语语感,提高学生的英语表达能力,或者说这是一种“母语式”的外语教学方法。前者偏重语法的应试教育方法明显存在很大弊端,学生学习语法较为枯燥,有较大的记忆负担,“哑巴英语”也使学生仅仅只会做题、考试或者阅读英语材料,在英语交际方面有很大欠缺。后者的“母语式”英语教学方法,对于当前的英语学习环境来说条件还不成熟,首先现在的初中生学习英语的语言环境有限,大多数学生的学习时间是集中在学校课堂上,日常生活中对英语的接触极为有限,尤其是英语语法的接触,所以并不能像使用母语一样通过高频率的运用而记忆基本的语法结构,学会常用表达;其次,即便学生能够通过大量的英语实际应用来掌握很多基础性的英语表达,养成英语思维,学到很多相关的背景知识,但这样的英语学习往往停留在浅层次的学习,没有系统深入的语法知识梳理,当面临较为专业或复杂的表达时,即使掌握了大量的词汇和短语,如果没有语法来对这些词语和短语进行组合,要做到正确的语言表达几乎是不可能的,此时仅凭日常的英语储量难免捉襟见肘。本文在认真分析人教版初中英语教材的基础上,结合自身教学经验总结了英语语法教学的特点,试图提出有效的初中英语语法教学方法。
一、新目标初中英语的教材分析
《英语(新目标)》在分析了我国初中英语教育现状的基础上,适当的引入了国外先进的语言教育理念,试图在我国的英语教学领域中尝试以生活为基础的任务式语言教学。因此,该套教材的编写采用全英文,旨在培养学生的英语学习氛围,与其他教材相比新引入了任务型语言教学模式,即以某个话题为线路,有目的让学生在完成任务的过程中来体会英语思维、学习语言表达。同时也强调语言知识结构的学习和学生的英语交际能力的培养。
新目标英语教材总体上具有以下特色:
(一)图文并茂。教材在排版上充分考虑了初中生的兴趣特点,几乎每一页都有一些极富情趣或者幽默生动的图片来配合文字内容,摆脱了全文字教材的呆板枯燥,增加初中学生对教材的学习兴趣。
(二)实用性强。教材的每个单元都有特定的话题,内容都与学生的学习和生活密切相关,选材基于初中学生的生活经验,充分考虑了他们的年龄特征和认知结构等因素,教学内容贴近学生实际生活。
(三)注重交际。教材增加了听说方面的比重,以改善中国学生在英语学习中广泛存在的“聋哑”现象,从开始阶段就加强对学生听说方面的能力训练。
二、初中英语的语法特点
初中英语的语法教学要结合初中英语语法的特点和学生的具体情况,有针对性的教授语法知识。教师要特别提醒学生注意英语与汉语在语法方面的差异,加强口头和笔头训练,以帮助学生学到地道的英语表达。
初中英语的语法特点概括起来有以下几点:
(一)通过单词的各种变形来表示不同的语法关系,是英语语法的常见形式,教学中要加强学生对此类词汇转变规则的基础掌握。英语单词的语法变化规则主要有以下几种:
(1)名词的单复数:a book - two books; a tomato - two tomatoes.
(2)名词的所有格:mother?蒺s; doctors?蒺.
(3)一般现在时/动词第三人称单数的变化:She plays; He knows.
(4)动词的过去式:played; did.
(5)动词的过去分词:asked; done.
(6)动词的现在分词:working; writing.
(7)形容词和副词的比较级与最高级:great - greater - greatest; good - better - best.
(二)英语词汇分为实词和结构词,其中结构词是英语语法的基础成分,常用的结构词有以下八种:
(1)冠词:the,a(an).
(2)介词: at,on,in.
(3)情态动词:should,can,must.
(4)助动词: have,do,be.
(5)并列连词: or,but,and.
(6)从属连词:because,so,though.
(7)关系代词:who,which,that.
(8)疑问词:what,when,why,who.
(三)英语常常通过加前缀和后缀来构成新词,即派生词,如:just,unjust,unjustness;Change,interchange,interchangeable。了解常规的构词方法有利于学生快速记忆单词,扩大词汇量,在英语阅读中运用此法可以比较容易的猜出新词的意思。
英语的语法特点还有很多其他不同于汉语之处,了解这些特点,对于教师的语法教学来说大有裨益,教师在教学时尤其要强调两种语言的差异,加强学生的英语语法思维模式训练。
三、初中英语的语法教学方法
(一)归纳法
归纳法是指教师在教授语法之前先给学生展示一些例句,让学生通过直观的视觉观察,找出这些例句的共同之处,来发现某种语法现象,然后引导学生归纳总结出某种语法规则。如:在教授现在完成时态的语法结构时,教师可以先列出例句:
I have been to Hainan.
I have returned your book.
He has cleaned the desk.
They have done their homework.
然后引导学生归纳出“助动词 have/ has + done”的语法结构。
(二)演绎法
演绎法是指教师直接讲语法结构以公式或者概念的方式教授给学生,让其直接以死记硬背的方式来掌握语法。例如,教师直接告诉学生强调句型的英语语法结构为“It is/ was + 被强调的部分+ that( who) + 其他”,然后在学习和应用该语法时直接套用公式。演绎法过于强硬,对学生的记忆力要求较高,而且直接记忆结构框架缺少趣味性,但演绎法一般比较固定,学生只要记忆了就不易产生错误。
(三)类比法
类比法是指通过对比相关联的语法知识来系统性的掌握某类语法知识,一般在语法的总结复习阶段用的比较多,如过去完成时与过去完成进行时;一般将来时和将来完成时;情态动词、被动语态和情态动词的被动语态等语法的类比。教学中主要是通过实际的例句比较来区别不同语法间的差别和规律,而不是纠结于各种语法概念的比较。例如,通过对比Anna wrote a letter to her parents last night和Anna was writing a letter to her parents last night这两句话来说明一般过去时和过去进行时的区别,前者表示过去某时某事已经发生,意思是“安娜昨晚给她的父母写了封信”,暗含“信写完了”,后者表示过去某时动作一直在继续(可能还在进行),意思是“安娜昨晚一直在给她的父母写信”,暗含“信不一定写完”。
(四)交际教学法
交际教学法是教师较常使用的英语语法教学方法之一,教师充分运用新目标教材的实用性,通过设置与教学内容相关的情景与学生进行英语互动交流,在听说读写的过程中进行语法的学习。
除了日常的对话,教师还可以给出相关话题让学生在课堂上讨论,在讲授一般现在时的时候,可以让学生以“My favorite film/star/book”为题进行口头或笔头训练,让学生在学习英语的日常表达时掌握某种特定的语法结构,或者根据教学内容课堂即兴发挥情景教学,如在教授“Is this your pencil?”这一单元时,第一阶段的学习,教师可以在课堂上将学生的物品如尺子、书、文具盒等收集到讲台上,让学生学习这些物品名称的英语表达,并请学生上台确认这些的物品的主人来练习以下基本的语法结构:
What’s this in English? What’s that in English?
It’s a/an…
My friend is … This is her/his..
要求学生学会写“寻物启事”和“失物招领”,从而掌握下列基本语法:
Lost and found
Is this your …?Is that your …?Please call…Phone 855-943.
在日常交际中学习英语语法,既高效又实用,学生学习兴趣较大,并且还能现学现用,加强学生的英语听说训练,符合新目标初中英语教材对加强学生的英语交际能力培养的要求。
(五)儿歌教学法
儿歌教学法以一种轻松愉快的方式让学生在学习和吟唱儿歌的过程中,了解并记忆某种语法结构。初中学生在学习英语时具有很大的兴趣导向性,学习注意力较易分散,所以英语语法的学习如果仅靠教师的讲解陈述和硬性的记忆,收效甚微,很多学生在语法的灵活运用方面仍然存在很大的问题。而一些有针对性的儿歌,却能在语法的学习方面给予学生极大的帮助。
英文儿歌的种类很多,用于现行英语教学的主要有游戏性儿歌、表演性儿歌、节奏性儿歌、和问答性儿歌等。这些儿歌符合初中学生的年龄特征和心理特点,学生喜欢诵唱,记忆起来也比较容易。
比如,在学习“一般现在时中,主语为第三人称单数时,动词要变化”这一语法知识时,可以通过下面的儿歌来巩固学习:
What do you do every day?
I drink milk every day.
He drinks juice every day.
I eat rice every day.
He eats flies every day.
I wear red every day.
He wears blue every day.
I ride a bike every day.
再比如,为了解决学生容易产生混淆Are these...?和Are they…?这两个句型的肯定和否定回答的问题,教师可以借助”Apples and Oranges, Tomatoes and Potatoes”这首儿歌:
These are apples! Those are oranges! These are tomatoes! Those are potatoes!
Apples and oranges, tomatoes and potatoes! Are these apples? Yes, they are!
Are these oranges? No, they aren’t….
学生通过吟诵儿歌句型,通过举一反三来感悟语言规则,这种潜移默化的语法学习显然比单纯的语法讲解更易于学生接受。
参考文献
[1]徐晓慧.新课标下的初中英语语法教学探索[D].华东师范大学,2007
[2]周謦馨.初中英语中英语儿歌教学的探索[D].上海师范大学学报,2012