英文论文翻译范文

时间:2023-04-06 09:14:46

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英文论文翻译

篇1

随着全球一体化进程的加快,世界各国间的经济交流日益加强,商务活动越来越频繁。在日新月异、错综复杂的商务环境中,一些商务期刊论文中的经济观点、商务投资方法能够帮助商务人士看清大局,从而更好地从事商务活动。商业期刊论文是调查、分析和解释社会商业、经济和金融活动及变化问题的论文,其语言特点与日常交际英语不同,具有自身的特点和风格。

纽马克在所著的《翻译问题探讨》一书中提出了交际翻译理论观(纽马克,2001)。交际翻译理论认为翻译的主要目的是信息传达的准确性,因此在翻译过程中要以译文的整体效果为主,与此同时也要尽量做到简洁明了和提高译文的可理解性,不必太过拘泥原文的结构和形式而使译文模糊而晦涩难懂(康健,2006)。该理论为商务期刊论文摘要的英译提供了新的翻译思路与方法。

2.研究理论基础

英国翻译理论家纽马克在著作《翻译教程》中根据其语言功能将文本分为表达型文本、信息型文本和呼唤型文本这三大类,他还提出语言的主要功能表现为表达型、描述或信息型呼唤指示型侧重于表达功能的文本,主要是表达情感,不考虑读者的反应(纽马克,1988)。在翻译时应该结合语境,注意作者的语气及语言风格。侧重于信息表达类的文本,主要强调其“真实性”,它基本上涉及全部知识领域,其模式十分标准化。主要的翻译策略是语义翻译和交际翻译。

商务文本的本质是由语言和非语言手段的共同组成的商务交际行为,是在商务交际活动中为达到特定的商务目的而构建的一系列相互关联的商务交际功能。商务期刊论文文本内容广泛,涉及各行业各业,不同领域。其语言跨度较大,包含多种文体、多种行业知识。英文论文摘要是一种独特的文本。其具有自明性、独立性和完整性,能够吸引读者,概括原论文的重要内容。商务期刊论文摘要具有“信息”和“呼唤”功能。翻译文本决定了翻译方法。

3.商务期刊论文摘要中译英实例分析

3.1交际翻译策略

交际翻译策略的重点是根据目的语的语言、文化和语用方式传递信息,而不是尽量忠实地复制原文的文字。通常采用交际翻译的文体类型包括新闻报导、教科书、公共告示和其他很多非文学作品。

例1,营销战略是企业全部营销工作的基石。市场营销要制定企业的市场定位战略,发掘市场潜在需求,确立消费者品牌归属感,明确市场细分目标。(米歇尔,2001)。

译文:The marketing strategy is the cornerstone of the enterprise whole marketing work. The marketing needs to formulate the strategy for marketing position, explore the potential need, and establish the consumers brand sense of belonging, and make sure the marketing subdivision(米歇尔,2001).

交际翻译策略建议在不影响原文意义准确性的基础上进行增减。这篇商务期刊论文摘要旨在突出市场营销战略的重要性及怎样做好市场营销,所以侧重这一中心进行翻译及适当地增减词。例如,第一句“营销战略是企业全部营销工作的基石”可直接翻译为“The marketing strategy is the cornerstone of the marketing work”,没有翻译“企业”读者同样可以体会到营销策略的重要性。“The marketing strategy is the cornerstone of the enterprise whole marketing work.”是很明顯的中式英语,enterprise出现在中间有语法错误。第二句是强调我们应该怎样进行市场营销,关键是翻译后面几个要点,所以前面两句建议译为:“The marketing strategy is the cornerstone of the marketing work. It is necessary to identify market position, explore potential market demand, establish a sense of brand ownership for the customers and specify the market target.”

3.2语义翻译策略

语义翻译重视的是原文的形式和原作者的原意,商务期刊论文摘要设计到许多经济、贸易等方面的专有名词,所以在语义翻译的指导下可以让其英文翻译更加忠实原文。

中文摘要:从本质上讲,构建和谐社会的核心是调整两大基本关系,即人与人的关系及人与自然的关系。基于林业的生态建设不仅可以协调人与自然的关系,而且有助于协调人与人之间的关系。林业在和谐社会的构建中居于重要地位,发挥主要作用。为实现经济效益、社会效益的和谐,应从发展目标、战略定位、范畴、经营方式、林权制度、生态价值实现方式等六个方面论述和谐社会构建过程中的林业发展模式(王奇,2008:12)。

译文:A harmonious society should coordinate the two relationships: the one between man and man, and the other between man and nature, but the present mode of forestry development only focuses on the latter. This article indicated that the mode must be adjusted under the background of constructing harmonious society in china. The former part of this paper analyzes the role of forestry development in a harmonious society, and the latter part shows how the forestry mode should be developed in six different aspects such as the goal, strategy, role extension, management model, forest tenure reform, ecological value, ect.(王奇,2008:12).

该英文摘要总体上不错,能够较为全面地展现中文摘要的意思。但是根据纽马克的语义翻译原则,此英文摘要翻译还可以完善。例如,英文摘要中“but the present mode of forestry development only focuses on the latter”在中文摘要中没有出现这方面的意思。第二句中“This article indicated that the mode must be adjusted...”在中文中也没有出现相应的文本。此处就违反语义翻译“忠实原文”的规则。根据语义翻译的原则,我们可以对于某些词语添加注释,充分理解中文摘要想要表达的意思。该英文论文摘要建议译为:“A harmonious society lies in the coordination of the relationship between man and man, and between man and nature. Ecology-based forestry development facilitates the coordination of them, therefore, playing a vital important role in the constructing a harmonious society in China. Achieving the harmonious economic and social effects entails the construction of forestry model from six aspects such as development goal, strategic orientation, extent operation model, forest tenure reform, and ecological value, ect. ”

3.3交際翻译与语义翻译相结合

在很多情况下,对商务期刊论文摘要进行翻译时,既要将其内涵和基本含义表达出来,又要达到与读者产生共鸣的效果。因此,交际翻译和语义翻译相结合就能达到这两个目的,只采用语义翻译原则会忽略到读者的感受。只是单方面利用交际翻译,又会将原文的含义损失掉。例如某一商务期刊在谈论商务广告时,有一则酒店广告“夜晚时分,这里的世界依然五彩缤纷”,这里不仅需要表达语义还需要表达出其美感,将交际翻译与语义翻译相结合则可以翻译为“The colorful world doesn’t stop when it’s nightmare”,如果只是单纯地考虑语义译为“When it's night, the world is beautiful”,就难以达到前者所表达的效果。

篇2

关键词: 英文影视作品 翻译实例 翻译方法

英文影视名称的翻译与文本翻译既有相同点,又有不同点。相同的是:都要遵循翻译的“信,达,雅”,“既要忠实原文,表达主旨,又要注重翻译的艺术和美学效果”。不同的是:片名的翻译有时还要考虑一定的商业目的。事实证明,那些曲解、误解甚至完全主观臆造的翻译则不仅成为影视作品(特别是优秀作品)发行推广的绊脚石,更成为误人子弟的文化垃圾。相反,那些精准而又雅俗共赏的翻译作品就犹如一件件艺术精品,耐人寻味。2010年美国热映的大片“Twilight”其中文名字叫做《暮光之城》,此名称很好地展现了影片的艺术魅力和主旨,在暮色时分,这段跌宕起伏的冒险故事才缓缓地拉开了帷幕。

因此,在英语影视作品名称翻译中,通常也可以遵循以下三种常用的翻译处理方法:直译法、意译法、偏商业化的译法。一方面,可以达到向观众准确地宣传和介绍优秀的英语影视作品的目的;另一方面,也能让英语爱好者体会到英文原名与中文译名之间的转化的美感,从中欣赏中西方语言和文化的魅力。

一、直译法

一部好的影视作品片名翻译,首先要求翻译工作者在看懂影视作品内容的基础上,忠实准确地将原片标题翻译出来。这样的翻译常常能让观众一目了然,欣然接受。如Robinhood(《罗宾汉》),King Arthur(《亚瑟王》),The Kiss of the Dragon(《龙之吻》),English Patient(《英国病人》),First Blood(《第一滴血》),Cold Mountain(《冷山》),True Lies(《真实的谎言》),Dances with Wolves(《与狼共舞》),Perfect Storm(《完美风暴》),Sahara(《撒哈拉》),Up in the Air(《在云端》)等这些翻译都是比较直接地将原片名翻译出来,使我们很容易想到影片的内容,也保持了影片的格调。

但是,如果有些影视作品名的翻译与原文相差甚远,不仅给人以错误的提示,甚至完全混淆或扭曲原影视作品的意思。比如说由苏珊・萨兰登主演的影片White Palace描写不同阶层之间的男女恋爱故事,剧情非常朴实,演员的表演也很自然到位。本片导演路易斯・曼杜奇在影片的前半部还是拍出了很不错的情调,对两人对立鲜明的个性:温文优雅和美艳热情也做了很好的戏剧性发挥。可是这部电影的名称翻译却让喜爱电影的朋友们大失所望。《情挑六月花》这个译名不仅降低了电影的水准,而且使观众误以为是一部粗制滥造的言情片。后来,又译者将之改为《人间有情》,虽然又一定的局限性,但毕竟将电影的主旨健康地表现了出来。所以说,在很多时候,电影翻译工作者要本着对观众高度的责任态度来完成翻译任务。

二、意译法

同直译法相比,意译法在影视作品的翻译中所占的比重比较大。对影视作品的翻译,可以通过合理归化的手法,将外来文化与本土文化的最佳结合点翻译出来。既尽量按照中国的文化特点进行调整,又将片名翻译得尽可能符合中国观众的文化口味和审美标准,从而最大限度地吸引观众。例如大嘴美女朱莉亚・罗伯茨主演的Pretty Woman(《风月俏佳人》),有些地方将它直译为《漂亮女郎》,尚可接受;但有些地方却翻译成《乌鸦变凤凰》,未免有些差强人意,毕竟太缺乏书面语言的美感,只让人感到口语的粗俗。而且“乌鸦”这种动物在中国人的眼里是不吉祥的象征,所以如果以这个名字出现,估计会吓退很多品味高级的观众。还有不少根据剧情意思来翻译的比较优秀的作品,如:Ladykiller(《奶师杀手》),17 Again(《重回17岁》),Speed(《生死时速》),The Terminal(《幸福终点》),Born on the Fourth of July(《生逢七月四》),Vanilla Sky(《芳草天空》),Flawless(《完美无瑕》)等。

在翻译影视作品片名时,除了要尊重原片名所指的意思以外,还可以作适当的处理,表现出一定的美感。比如美国影片Blood and Sand传到中国以后,用了《碧血黄沙》这个非常具有情景味道的译名,是观众很快地联想到了西部、大漠、荒凉等与影片相关的字眼。没有只是简单地、直截了当地翻译成《血和沙》,相信前者比后者吸引到了更多的观众,从而保证了影片一定的票房率。深受中国小朋友们喜爱的动画片“Bugs Bunny”是华纳公司的力作,片中的主人公是全球孩子们都熟悉的人物,这部动画电影有两个译名,分别是《兔宝宝》和《兔八哥》。相比之下,后者更能体现出兔八哥妙语连珠、俏皮逗人的个性。

三、偏商业化的译法

影视作品也是具备相当可观商业价值的商品。在今天电影行业竞争异常激烈的情况下,作品名称是否能够吸引观众眼球成了影响票房率的重要因素之一。因此在片名翻译时,译者要考虑到一定的商业价值。特别是美国好莱坞大片,动辄斥资上亿美元的巨资拍摄而成,但是如果译者因为译名失败,很有可能会导致影片票房的惨淡和制片方严重的经济损失,都是非常令人惋惜的事情。因此,作为一名优秀的、负责任的翻译工作者,在片名的翻译时,既要考虑忠实于原片内容,又要考虑到译名是否会激发观众观看的欲望,从而保证高额的票房回报,这是非常具有挑战性的研究课题。

在2008年,有一部由导演伊桑・科恩执导的奥斯卡获奖影片No Country for Old Man(《老无所依》),就是凭借这个精心翻译的片名,挑起了观众强烈的观看欲望,最后在中国市场掀起了争相观看的热潮。片中警长埃德・贝尔代表片名中的“Old Men”,他在对一连串的杀人事件进行调查,并努力保护Moss的安全。但是,让Bell感到无力绝望的是,本来是维护社会制安的执法者,现在却变得束手无策,完全失去了作用,他使出浑身解数也无法追踪到冷血杀手,Moss的生命安全也受到严重的威胁。老Bell一面惊异于社会的变化、人性和法制观念的没落,一面感叹世界已超出他们的控制之外,怀念那曾有的公正和人性的温暖。所以,这部片名的翻译很有深意,它并非向观众想象的那样俗套,而是真正体现了在这个社会上,我们所珍惜的道德标准和是非尺度已经渐渐远离了我们,当困难发生时,我们无所依靠,取而代之的是茫然和绝望,只有少数的人还在维护着最后的荣耀和正义,所以说,这个作品的翻译是非常成功的。

更多的例子还有,比如:Face Off(《夺面双雄》),The Scent(《闻香识女人》),Shakespeare in Love(《莎翁情史》),Captain Corelli’s Mandolin(《战地情人》),Wild at Heart(《我心狂野》)以上的翻译充分考虑到汉语语言的特点及一定的商业目的,以吸引不观众的眼光,达到良好的票房效果。

四、结语

综上所述,我们可以看出,那些优秀的英语影视片名的翻译,大多是在遵循基本的翻译原则基础上,巧妙灵活通过直译、意译或商业化等译法等来处理的。当然,片名的翻译首先要能反映原片名的意思,也就是说要首先忠于原意,然后恰当地通过文化的对等转化意译,或偏商业化等处理法进行巧妙的加工和润色,这样的片名翻译才能赢得观众的认可和喜爱。

翻译工作者在进行影视作品名称翻译的过程中,如果能本着为观众负责的态度,在影视名称的翻译上下功夫,那么就能为广大的电影爱好者和英语学习者翻译出贴切传神的影视名称。这样,就不仅能够向观众准确地介绍影视作品,还能让英语爱好者体会到英文原名与中文译名之间的转化的美感,从中欣赏到中西方语言和文化的魅力,从而为中西方文化的交流作出应有的贡献。同时,也希望广大的英语爱好者能够积极投身到这项有趣的工作中来,集思广益,为我们的翻译事业贡献自己的一份力量。

参考文献:

[1]金.等效翻译探索(增订版)[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1997.

篇3

1.较多的新词词汇量。

据统计显示,英语大概有两百万左右的词汇量,其中新词大约占到了50%左右的比例,而且每年都会有大约1500—1600个的新词和新义会进入到计算机数据库中。现代的农业科技逐渐的取代了传统的农业,因此传统农业逐渐朝着精准农业的方向发展。在现代农业中信息技术得到了广泛的运用,很多崭新的词汇也不断的涌现出来,比如防滴过滤系统、促进生态修复、建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会等。

2.较强的专业性。

在长期的工作实践中,每个行业都具备各自的惯用语和术语,作为一门具有较强综合性的学科,农业包括的渔业、牧业、副业、林业以及农业等。其中的专业词汇具有很强的专业性,如果缺乏一定的专业背景,在翻译一些专有名词的时候就很容易会出现误解的情况,甚至会出现严重的翻译错误。比如美国所谓的“亚洲鲤鱼”实际上是我国的鲢鱼。

二、农业科技翻译中的问题和原因

由于无法变通翻译程序或者专业知识储备不够,一些翻译者在翻译农业科技文章的时候,忽略了两种语言之间存在的差异,因此使得翻译出来的句子变成了英式汉语或汉式英语,并且经常闹出很多笑话。导致这些问题存在的原因主要包括以下几点。

1.没有储备足够的农业专业知识。

我们都知道,现在很多翻译人员都是在英语相关专业毕业的,很少了解相关的农业知识,所以很多的望词生义的现象出现在了实际的翻译过程中。比如在对landreform进行翻译的时候应该将其翻译成“农业改革”或者“草地改革”,而不应该翻译成“”。“肥”这个经常出现在大学《土壤学》课程中的词如果处于不同的语境就会有不同的翻译方法,例如肥料应该翻译成为fertilizer,追肥应该翻译成为topdressing,底肥应该翻译成为basemanure。如果在进行农业专业翻译的过程中,翻译人员只具备了一定的语言基础,却缺乏过硬的专业知识,就很容易出现各种错误。

2.中西方文化之间存在的差异。

很多民族和国家在漫长的岁月沉淀当中都具有不同的发展经历和历史背景,人们的生活和劳动与其语言之间具有密切的关系,因此也就出现了存在着较大差异的不同文化。翻译人员在具体的翻译过程中需要对历史文化背景进行充分的考虑,如若不然就会出现大量的错误。比如在威妥玛-翟理斯式拼音法是国外使用的主要翻译方法。一旦以中国汉语拼音的方式对其进行翻译就会发生很多错误,比如将ChiangKai-shek()翻译成“常凯申”。

3.滥用网络翻译软件。

现在网络发展得越来越快,在人们的生活中出现了各式的翻译软件。由于其具有十分方便快捷的特点,人们除了可以利用它们对单词进行查询之外,也可以对整段的文字进行翻译,使得人们的工作和学习效率得以极大提升。现在很多人对这些翻译软件产生了过度的依赖,还有一些人直接用软件翻译文字而不加修改和调整就直接运用。但是这些软件翻译的文字具有大量的错误,翻译人员如果不经过自己的思考就直接采用这些软件就会出现各种错误。特别是在对与农业科技专业知识相关的一些词汇进行翻译的时候,由于这些翻译软件根本不具备人类的思维模式,不会分析也不会思考,只是翻译单纯的字面意思,因此出现了很多逐字翻译的中国式英语,根本不具备任何逻辑性。所以必须要对网络翻译软件这把双刃剑进行合理的运用,真正的做到扬长避短,使其更好的发挥出作用来。

三、农业科技英语的有效翻译途径

1.通过互联网对其背景进行查询。

现在的网络技术发展的越来越快,包括谷歌学术以及维基百科在内的很多提供专业知识的网站出现了。因此翻译人员可以在这些网站上查询相关的翻译对象和内容。如果一些非专业人士的解释中出现问题,就可以通过在一些专业学科数据库的搜索进行修正。如果互联网上可能没有及时的出现一些学科的知识,因此翻译人员在具体的翻译过程中要尽可能地选择一手材料,最好是在图书馆针对各种原始文件记录进行认真的查询,只有这样才能够有效的避免翻译过程中由于不了解背景知识而出现的各种错误。

2.对翻译网站、软件等进行合理的使用。

翻译人员在翻译的过程中可以首先使用翻译软件和翻译网站初步翻译草稿,然而要在选择相关网站的时候做到慎重。不管是翻译网站还是翻译软件,其主要的作用就是翻译相应的词汇。所以如果以英文的句式习惯对规范的中文句式进行书写,最后再通过对翻译软件或者翻译网站的利用就能够得出具有通畅句式以及合理结构的翻译结果。

3.要对相关的翻译理论具有充分的了解。

翻译人员必须要将常用的翻译方法和技巧掌握,并且对农业英语翻译的特点有充分的了解。通常来说,如果农业英语词句能够直译就尽量选择直译的方式,一定要直接而明确地反映出原术语的含义。如果一些词句不能够直译,这时候就不需要拘泥于原文,然而在翻译的时候必须要做到易懂易记以及概念明确。比如在对adrycow进行翻译的时候,如果单纯的按照字面的意思对其进行翻译,那么其就是“一头干巴巴的牛”,而其实际上的真正含义是“不产奶的母牛”,这两者之间存在着非常大的差异。由于语言空缺的原因,无法将与“旱育秧”相对应的英文词汇找到,这时候就可以选择释义的方式对其进行翻译,比如可以将其翻译为raisericeseedlingsindrynursery。同时还有一些外来词无法采用汉语与其相对应,就可以选择音译的方式,比如将gene翻译成基因。

四、结语

篇4

忠实性是所有英语翻译中最基本的指导原则,特别是对于商务英语来说。准确地理解和翻译具有一定文化内涵的商务英语词句的语用意义,对不同文化的商务活动具有重要的意义。在解决商务英语翻译中的一些障碍,特别是文化方面的障碍时,必须考虑语用因素,用适当的语用原则服务于商务英语翻译。

二、商务英语翻译与文化和语用的相互关系

语用学研究的是语言的运用。关于语用学的定义有多种,索振羽编著的《语用学教程》中指出的定义表达得较为明确。“语用学研究在不同语境中话语意义的恰当的表达和准确的理解,寻找并确定使话语意义得以恰当地表达和准确的理解的基本原则和准则。”简言之,语用指的是超越于语言本身的语言运用能力。商务英语翻译是一种语际转换。它不仅包括语言符号的转换,更涉及不同商业文化之间的沟通。著名语用学家Sperber&Wilson(1995:2)认为“交际方式甚至比交际内容更重要”,为了不同文化的商业交际的成功,译者务必首先做到让译文读者能够与原文读者一样在推理原作者的信息意图时具有同等的推理距离,而后考虑“再现原作者对其意向读者所做出的假设集”。其中可能要涉及到每个具体假设的可及度的调整。这条原则被称之为翻译的语用推理距离等距原则之补充原则。在识别作者信息意图时的推理线索可分为句法线索、语义线索、字形线索和语音线索,它们之间具有不可分割性。整个翻译过程始于原语交际,原语交际又始于交际者角度上的明示过程而后是听话人角度上的推理过程,因而为了保证译文读者能正确识别说话人的信息意图,译者有义务根据双方的认知环境再现必要的推理线索,提供这些线索也是译文再现原文连贯的必要保证。商务英语翻译本身就是一种文化的交流,因此,在从事商务英语翻译工作时,不仅应精通语言本身,更应熟知原语和译语的文化。在跨文化商务交流过程中会不可避免地出现各种文化冲突,而恰当地运用语言,化解文化矛盾,正是语用学的任务之一。语用准则在很大程度上受文化准则的制约,具有鲜明的文化特点。要想成功地运用语言必须通晓其背景文化。跨文化的语用实际上就是在不同文化之间掌握灵活变通的手段,完成语意的恰当表达。商务英语翻译是一门综合的学问。译者在通晓语言、了解相关文化背景的同时,也应掌握一些语用知识。从事商务英语翻译的工作者都知道,语言中有许多词汇和表达蕴含语用涵义,这其中就包括不同民族的文化涵义。文化的渊源不同使词语所承载的文化也必然有很大差异。当词语的指称意义与深层的言内意义表达不一致时,译者就应善于进行文化的移植和融合,以达到语用意义的等值转换。由此可见,语用、商务英语翻译与文化之间关系紧密,文化是基石,商务英语翻译是转换生成器,而语用是商务英语翻译这部机器的一个必备的应用程序。三、商务英语翻译中的语言文化语用与社交语用因素的相互关系

语用学是研究语言的使用和理解的一门语言学科,它研究说话人如何利用语言和外部语境表达意义,同时也研究听话人对说话人说出的话语的解码和推理。人们的日常交际中,语言作为文化的载体,折射出其特有的文化内涵。翻译作为一种跨文化交际活动,是一种三元关系,即原文作者、译者和译文读者三者之间进行的思想、文化的传递活动。译者在其中起着关键的连接作用:他首先是听话人,他需要利用自己的原语语言知识、文化背景,并在翻译过程中揣摩原语作者的翻译意图,通过自己的智力参与,运用语用学原则进行推理,对原语文本进行解码;继而,译者又转换其角色,变成说话人,他通过自己的目的语语言知识,结合目的语的文化背景,把握目的语读者的理解程度,按照原作者的意图、风格,将对原文解码的结果呈现给目的语读者,让他们达到与原文读者大致相同的感受。在跨文化翻译过程中,由于不同的译者所处的文化背景不同,他们各自对原作的理解把握也不尽相同。这其中涉及到理解问题、重构问题,语用和文化因素在译文中的处理方法,以及原作的语用用意的传达等问题。在翻译过程中,译者应充分理解语用学内涵,立足于原文语境,充分挖掘原作作者的语用用意,利用文章中的各种语意关联,深刻理解文中蕴涵的文化内涵,同时还要结合读者的理解程度,呈现给读者通顺流畅、接受程度高的译文。这样同时也就达到了文化翻译的标准与意义。例如不同的语言有自己的表达习惯和各自的词汇体系,相互之间并非一一对应关系。如汉语中的“三角债”,若商务英语翻译成“Triangledebt”,外方会不知所云,因为英语中经常用“chaindebt”来表达此意。再如商务英语翻译“文物保护单位”这个词组,如把它译成“aculturalunit”,英语国家的人会把其理解成“一个文化单位”,这就是由于把汉、英词语一一对应造成的语用失误,正确译法应当是“ahistoricrelic”。再如,“宣传”一词,如果不看语言环境直接把它译为“propaganda”往往会造成语用失误。因为汉语中,“宣传”并无贬义,而英语中的“propaganda”却带有“欺骗性”的含义。这种把汉、英一一对应的语用失误还有:当你帮某人做了一件事情,对方向你表示了谢意,你用汉语的回答自然就是“没关系”、“不用谢”之类,而用英语却不能说“Nevermind”、“Don’tthankme”之类,因为英语中Nevermind常用来表示道歉,而Don’tthankme根本不符合英语的社交场景与表达习惯。另外一种在商务英语翻译中发生的语言使用方面的失误是由于套用母语的表达结构或误用英语的其他表达结构,结果表意不清,令人不知所云。如下面这句话“世纪之交,中国外交空前活跃。”试看译文“Attheturnofthecentury,China’sdiplomacyismostactive”本句在汉语中很常见,但如把它照译成英文,则显得有些Chinglish的味道,因为英语中active的主语应是有生命的,把diplomacy和active搭配在一起并不恰当,如果译为“TheturnofthecenturyfindsChinamostactiveonthediplomaticarena”则既传达了原意,又符合语用规则。

篇5

如果说语言是反映文化的一面镜子,那么作为语言的核心和精华的成语更是文化的结晶,集中的体现了各自文化的差异。英语和汉语作为两门完全不同的语言,体现的是两种完全迥异的文化。

文化的最早定义是来自英国人类文化学家泰勒,他下的定义:文化是一个复杂的总体,包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗,以及人类在社会里所得的一切能力与习惯。可见,文化是一个很复杂的系统。通过比较,英汉成语所反映的文化差异主要体现在地理环境、风俗习惯、和历史文化四方面。

(一)地理环境文化

自然环境是人类赖以生存和发展的基础,不同的自然环境对民族文化的形成和发展有着不同的影响。中国属于典型的大陆环境,自古以来,就是一个农耕气氛比较浓厚的国家,土地在人们的生活中显得至关重要,汉语中有相当一部分和土地和农业生产相关的成语。如“挥金如土”“面如土色”“瓜田李下”等等。西方受海岛狭小范围的限制,土地资源十分有限,为了生存发展,航海业和渔业十分发达,英语中有很多关于船和水的成语,如plainsailing(一帆风顺)togowiththestream(随波逐流)、tokeepone’sheadabovewater(奋力图存)等等。

(二)风俗习惯文化

风俗习惯的差异是文化差异的一个主要方面,在成语当中有较多的反映,特别是在动物形象上。龙在中西文化中代表了两种完全相反的形象。在中国传统文化中,龙象征着吉利,汉语中与龙有关的成语一般都含褒义。如“望子成龙”“龙凤呈祥”等。但在西方神话传说中,dragon是一种长着翅膀,能够从口中喷火的怪物,令人感到恐怖。因此,在西方文化中,dragon通常是邪恶的代表,adragon就常被用来形容飞扬跋扈、令人讨厌的人。

(三)文化

与有关的成语也大量地出现在英汉成语中。佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史,有佛教关的成语有很多,如“借花献佛”“平时不烧香、临时抱佛脚”等。在英国等西方国家,影响最大的宗教是基督教。在人们心中,God具有无上的法力。英语成语中有许多与God相关的成语。如Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves,Manproposes,Goddisposes。人们诅咒一个人常说Goddamnyou,危险过后常说Godblessyou。

(四)历史文化

历史文化指由特定的历史发展进程的沉淀所形成的文化,其中一个重要内容是历史典故。历史典故是民族历史文化中的瑰宝,蕴含着丰富的历史文化信息。汉语的典故成语多出自《四书》、《五经》或神话传说,如“东施效颦”、“名落孙山”等。英语的典故成语多来自《圣经》,希腊罗马神话或《伊索寓言》等,如:Achilles’hell,aPandora’sbox等。

2、英汉成语的翻译策略

一些翻译理论家,如兰博(LamBert)和雷恩(Robins)认为:与其把翻译视为一种双语之间的转换活动,不如把翻译看成是两种文化之间的交流活动。由此可见文化必须纳入到英汉成语翻译的研究范围,王佐良说:“翻译者必须是一个真正意义上的文化人。人们全说,他必须掌握两种语言,确实如此:但是,不了解语言当中的社会文化,谁也无法真正掌握语言。”

翻译的最终目的是实现不同文化之间的交流,成语翻译更应遵循这个原则。奈达说:“Thebesttranslationdoesnotsoundlikeatranslation”,鲁迅先生讲过:“凡是翻译,必须兼顾着两面,一当然为求其易解,一则保存着原作的风姿。”就成语翻译而言,就是能直译的就直译,不能直译的就意译,尽可能在译文可读性和保留原语文化间寻求最佳平衡点,确保在最大程度上将原文所包含的文化信息呈现给译文读者,达到“文化传真”的目标。实践当中,英汉成语翻译通常采用以下方法:

(一)直译法

直译法,指在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起错误联想的条件下,在译文中保留原成语的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩。如:Agentleman’sagreement(君子协定);Wallhaveears(隔墙有耳);竭泽而渔(todrainapondtocatchallthefish);前人栽树,后人乘凉(Onegenerationplantsthetreesunderwhosetradeanothergenerationrests)。直译能够比较完整地保留原成语的比喻形象、民族色彩,可以丰富译语的词汇,使读者体验到一种新鲜感。

(二)直译加注法

有些成语,其历史典故文化比较浓厚,直译之外,还需加必要的注释。如aDonJuan唐磺。意为风流浪子。DonJuan是英国诗人拜伦作品中的人物,他是一个勇敢、风流的骑士。现在,他经常被用来指代具有这些品质的年轻人。这类成语如果不加解释地直译出来,译文读者一般很难理解其寓意。再如,汉语成语“班门弄斧”:showoffone’sproficiencywiththeaxebeforeLuBan,themastercarpenter。如在译文中不加后半部分解释语,只译LuBan,恐怕大部分英国读者不知道LuBan为何许人,自然对这一成语的理解会产生疑惑。

(三)意译法

意译法指翻译时仅保留原文的意思而不保留原文表达形式的方法。当由于文化差异而无法直译,直译加注释过长,会破坏成语的简洁性和可读性时,就用意译法,灵活传达原意。如英语成语Twofriendsarehandinglovewitheachother(亲同手足),tosnapandsnarlatakind-heartedman(狗咬吕洞宾,不识好人心)。汉语成语具有的民族文化特色很多情况下在英语中难以用直译法体现,也常采用意译法,虽难以保全成语的文化特色和形象,却能简洁地反映出成语的喻意。如事实胜于雄辩Factsspeaklouderthanwords。背黑锅holdthebag,汉语口语中“背黑锅”的说法意指某人干了坏事而责任却落在未干坏事的人身上。英语中把这种情况说成“捧着布袋子”(holdthebag),值得注意的是:英美人讲holdthebag既可能是同犯错误的人,也可能是没有牵连的人。

(四)直译加意译法

应注意到,直译和意译是相对而言的,没有一个绝对的界限。在很多情况下,为保留原文形象,并使译文畅达,英汉成语可部分直译,部分意译。如成语“东施效颦”,如意译成Dongshi,anuglywoman,knittinghereyebrowsinimitationofthefamousbeautyXishionlytomakeherselfuglier,英文读者会由于不知道西施是何许人而无法理解其含义。若采用直译加意译的方法,在上文之后加上意译“blindimitationwithludicrouseffect”,其意便一目了然了。在英语中有这样一句成语“EvenHomersometimesnods”,在这句成语后面,译者会加上一句“Eventhewisearenotalwaysfreefromerror”,正好对应了汉语成语“智者千虑,必有一失”。

(五)回译法

有一小部分成语,本来自于源语,翻译时可采用源语的成语,如以眼还眼aneyeforeye,鳄鱼的眼泪crocodile’stears,武装到牙齿armedtotheteeth等。

3、结束语

作为一种独特的语言文化现象,成语具有较大的文化信息负载量,是英汉民族语言中最富有民族文化特色的部分。正如Lotman所说:“没有一种语言不是植根于具体的文化之中的;也没有一种文化不是以某种自然语言的结构为中心的。”在翻译成语时,关键是把握好汉语和英语各自的文化,运用文化差异的视角根据实际情况灵活采用恰当的译法,尽可能了解民族语言与文化,深刻理解成语本身的意义,才能使成语的翻译达到最高的境界。

参考文献

[1]NidaEugeneA.TowardaScienceofTranslating[M].Leiden;1964

[2]PeterNewmark.翻译问题探讨[M],上海,上海外语教育出版社,2001

[3]包慧南,文化语境与语言翻译[M],北京,中国对外翻译出版公司,2001

[4]金惠康,跨文化交际翻译续编[M],北京,中国对外翻译出版公司,2004

[5]刘宓庆,翻译美学导论[M],北京,中国对外翻译出版公司,2005

[6]鲁迅,“题未定”草[A],鲁迅杂文全集[C],洛阳,河南人民出版社,1994

[7]孙会军、郑庆珠,译论研究中的文化转向[J],中国翻译,2000,(5):11-14

[8]王佐良,翻译中的文化比较[J],翻译通讯,1984(1)

[9]张培基、喻云根、李宗杰等,英汉翻译教程[M],上海,上海外语教育出版社,1980

篇6

Pun is one of the ancient trope, which is now widely used as a rhetorical means in advertisements, literature and drama. It is defined as "the humorous use of a word or words that are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications"[1]. Since pun contains comic and rakish language style which put the advertisement into the most suitable language environment, many advertisers would like to choose the pun as the most important way of expression in advertisements so that they can be more persuasive and touching. However, some discrepancy between different culture and languages sometimes makes pun untranslatable. For all these reasons, pun becomes the most charming but hard nut to crack.

1.1 The definition and features of pun

  

 Pun is defined in Longman Dictionary of the English Language as "a witticism, involving the use of a word with more than one meaning, or of words having the same, or nearly the same sound but different meaning". A hinge is the pun itself, and a trigger refers to the intention and background that lies behind the puns.

1.2Classification of pun

   

As Xu Zhongbing(China) states in The Varieties and Translation of English Puns: "pun can be roughly divided into two parts. They are named paronomasia and antalaclasis[5]". Paronomasia always involves two words, which are similar in pronunciation but different in meaning. As for antalaclasis, it refers to the same word which is used twice or more, but each time it contains different meaning, according to English Writing and Rhetoric written by Prof. Wen Jun, a more specific approach of classification is concluded.. It classifies four categories of pun, that is, homophonic pun, paronomasia, antalaclasis and sylleptic pun.

  Homophonic pun is the use of words, which are identical in pronunciation but different in spellings and meanings. For example, (1)"Make your every hello a real good-buy"(telephone advertisement). Here "buy" reminds people the image of "buy" and "good-bye". The advertiser tries to catch the customers eyes and assure that the purchase of their telephone is sensible..

   Paronomasia involves two words which have similar pronunciation but different meanings. As the beneficial advertisement says that (2)"Drunk drivers often put the quart before the hearse". Here "quart" has similar pronunciation as "cart", while "hearse" has similar pronunciation as "horse". "quart" is a vessel for alcohol and "hearse" is a carriage specially used for conveying the dead to the grave. This pun is used to warn the drivers that drunk driving is dangerous and to remind them of the importance of safe driving.

  Antalaclasis refers to a word used twice or more, but each time with a different meaning. For example, (3)"You need the strongest line of defense against gum disease"(advertisement of JNJ dental floss). It's a common sense that dental floss can keep teeth clean and healthy by defending against gum disease. Here "line" refers to both the material of dental floss and the defensive line against gum disease.

  Sylleptic pun is similar to antalaclasis, but the word is used as a pun only once with two or more different meanings. With sylleptic puns, the advertisement can convey the information in fewer words. For example, (4)"money can not be grown on trees but it blossoms at our branches". This is the advertisement for Lloyd Bank in Britain. "Branch" is a pun and has two meanings: one is in agreement with "trees" in the first sentence, meaning "the arm of a tree"; the other meaning is "division and subsidiary bank". The bank smartly warns consumers that money can not be gained from trees but can be increased continuously once they save money in Lloyd Bank.

2. Function of puns in English advertisement

 While the qualities of advertisements are evaluated, the following values are usually taken into consideration: information value, attention value, aesthetic value and memory value[6]. Information value is the most important of the four. Only when an advertisement i nforms readers of the details of products, such as quality, package and use can make consumers remember the products or be willing to buy them. Otherwise, the potential consumers are easy to be attracted by other products with similar topics and contents. Aesthetic value can create the sense of beauty, which can sometime determine whether the advertisement will succeed. The above three values turn the memory value into reality: to attract the consumers' eyes, to fulfill the purpose of the advertisement, and above all to persuade consumers to buy the products. Advertisers put pun in English advertisement because pun plays an important role in rhetoric and pragmatic areas.

2.1 Rhetoric function

From the rhetoric point of view, a pun is "a figure of speech which consists of similar words or phrases for rhetorical effect, whether humorous or serious"[7]. The pun is basically one of the rhetoric devices that can fulfill this purpose of attracting the attention of readers. A pun is so implicative that it leaves readers so much space for thought and association. The connection between the two respective words or the several relevant meaning conveyed by the same word is able to enrich both the content and the influence of the advertisements. Once the content of advertisement is distinctive with his own brand, it will be easy for the consumer to accept and trust the products the advertisement promotes. As for an advertisement, once attention has been drawn on it, it will merely be a matter of time for consumers to fall in love with it. As the proverb says: “A bit in the morning is better than nothing all day”. Pun is irreplaceable to catch the first eye in advertisements. For example: (5)"Cock refreshes you like no other can". The word "can" may be comprehended literally as "aluminum tin used to contain liquid" while it can also be considered as a modal verb. Therefore, the advertisement can be interpreted in two ways: "Cock refreshes you so greatly that no other drinks can refresh you" or "Cock is able to provide you the number one refreshment than doing other things can achieve. Above all, this advertisement aims to state the function of cock—to bring people the feeling of delight and refreshment.

2.2 Pragmatic function

From the pragmatic point of view, the advertisement with pun can provide information so that the audience can come to know the details of products. Because the use of puns can strength the attention value and direct function of the advertising language, the advertisement with puns inspires the audiences' interest in reading. According to Tanaka, the reason why a pun can cause the interest is that it can create ambiguity, which stimulates the audiences  high on processing and discover the connotation. In this way, reader can remember the advertisement deeply, which the purpose of the advertisement is fulfiled . For example,

(6) Mind your own business? Move it to Milton Hotel.

(7) Milton Hotel is a good location for business.

By the contrast of the above two advertisements, it is easy to discover that the first advertisement, which uses pun, is almost certainly more successful in attracting attention than the second one, which does not contain puns. To some degree, the advertising pun has the great capability of evoking the audiences' attention than other advertisements. In short, the use of the pun ensures that the message is communicated with more "strength".

3. Translation of puns in English advertisement

3.1The importance of pun translation in English advertisement

It is not easy for an advertisement to attract the public's eyes and impress them deeply. While pun can make use of its concise language style, combine the respective meaning of words into a harmonious image, enrich the image that provides the information of advertisement, and ensure the advertisement unique and profound. However, the translation of puns is considered to be extremely difficult. Many people consider puns as "untranslatable". And we have to admit the difficulty in the translation of puns. On the one hand, we must try our best to eliminate the barriers of different culture and language so that we can convey information precisely. On the other hand, we have to make adjustment and break through the limitation of culture and language so as to keep balance of source language and target language. To some degree, it is very crucial to apply dexterous techniques to translate puns in English advertisement. 

3.2Delabastita's theory for translating puns

3.2.1The comment on Delabastita's method for translating puns

 

 According to Chang Namfung,a Chinese scholar, Delabastita’s theory of translating puns is detailed and reasonable. And Delabastita’s ten translation methods can be classified into two categories.[8] The first category aims to emphasize the importance of explaining translated text sufficiently, including translating a pun with a non-pun word, copying the pun word and translating the pun wit h editorial techniques; while the second category aims to emphasize the importance of accepting the essential meaing of translated text, including translating a pun with a pun of different type, omitting the original pun word, translating a non-pun word with a pun word, adding a pun in the translated text. The method of translating a pun with a pun of the same type owns the characteristics of both categories.

  Chang Namfung holds that Delabastita’s translation-method classifications of puns do not own much specificity of language, which means that the classifications are be applicable in some situations, including the translation of puns between European languages as well as the translation between English and Chinese in the rough. He also says that the method for translating puns by copying is an exception, for it is much more used in the translations between Latin languages but less used in the translation between English and Chinese. Therefore, it is reasonable to make use of the advantage of this method and abandon its disadvantage, making the translation of pun easier.

3.2.2 Translation methods of puns on basis of Delabastita's theory

  

Delabastita’s translation-method classification is detailed, but it is thought to be over-elaborated. Besides, from what has been discussed above, it is known that not all the translation methods for puns listed by Delabastita suit the translation of puns from English into Chinese. Therefore, the methods of translating the puns from English into Chinese should be further categorized. On the basis of Delabastita’s theory and some practical examples of translations of puns from English into Chinese, this paper holds that when translators try to translate an English pun into Chinese, the following methods can be adopted: translating a pun with a pun,  and translating a pun with a non-pun word or phrase.

A. Translating a Pun with a Pun

This category of methods for translating puns includes Delabastita’s first three methods, that is, translation of a pun with a pun of the same type, translation of a pun with a pun of different type and translation of a pun with a different pun.

B. Translation of a Pun with a Non-pun Word or Phrase.

This category of methods exist because of the limitations in translation of languages, cultures, customs and the like, especially when two referential meanings of a pun in English can not always be translated into Chinese at the same time. When a formal translation, rather confusing, causes some troubles for target readers, and fails to convey every connotation of the original pun, it would be better for the translator to find and focus on the most important meaning. That is to say, the translated text may have to sacrifice the comparatively minor significant meaning in the original pun.

3.3 Translating techniques of puns in English advertisement

 

Generally speaking, faithfulness and expressiveness are the two common criteria in translation.. "Faithfulness" refers to be faithful in conveying the content and style of original text. The translators should express the original meaning comprehensively and accurately without any important loss. "Expressiveness" means that the version must be clear, distinct and fluent, easy to be understood. Sometimes the expressiveness can only be achieved by sacrificing faithfulness. In fact, the translation of puns is somewhat a contradictory combination. It is a torturing task to decide when to comply with "faithfulness", when to choose "expressiveness" and when to integrate both. Therefore, pun’s untranslatable essence determines what techniques should be adopted in translating puns..    

3.3.1 Fit translation(契合译法)

  Translating puns is considered as a daunting task because the same type of pun or different pun have to express the double meaning, while the pronunciation, word form and the various meanings of puns have constructed the barriers of translatability of double meaning. But "some puns is not definitely untranslatable, it is possible to combine the source language and the target language"[9]. As we know, no translation is completely equivalent, so it is best to speak of “functional equivalence” in terms of a range of adequacy. Functional equivalence is first called “dynamic equivalence”. In Eugene Nida’s book Toward a Science of Translating, he defines dynamic translation as “the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message”. (Nida 2001b, 166) On the basis of integrating the two languages, the association-combined translating skill gives attention to both the form and the content of the advertisement. That means to translate the language under the direction of the Functional Equivalence theory. It is the highest criterion of translating pun in English advertisement.

eg: (8)Every kid should have an apple after school.(advertisement of computer)

译文:每个孩子都应有台苹果牌电脑。

 Here "apple" is a pun, which re fers to one kind of fruit and a brand of computer. Therefore, this advertisement covers two meaning: One implies that children should eat an apple for extra-nutrition after class. The other means that it is more essential to own an apple computer for the children’s pabulum.

 

3.3.2 Semantic difference(分别表义法)

  

Translatability has always been the controversial issue in translation study for a long time. Obviously, some translators take puns as the preferred instance to validate the untranslatability. However, each kind of language has its own specific national history, culture and psychological background; different language system varies in language structure, thought and presentation. By this token, absolute translation equivalence doesn't exist. When translators can not find the corresponding words to express the source language, they are in need of blazing a trail to interpret the puns appropriately.   The method of semantic difference means adopting the flexible way of decomposing the meaning of pun into two levels: surface meaning and underlying meaning. For example:

(9)Try our sweet corn, you'll smile from ear to ear.

译文:尝尝我们的甜玉米,包你乐的合不拢嘴。

 It is a very successful advertisement of corn. Here the word "ear" has double meanings, "the organ of hearing" and "tassel of corn". Therefore, "from ear to ear" has two contexts: successive corns, and continuous laugh, which can be associated by the products the advertisement promotes and describe people's affection for corn.

   It is reasonable to comprehend the ads like that: tasting the corn makes you good appetite, degusting the corn forces you sweet smile. By composing the one sentence into two levels of meanings and analyzing the two image of "corn", the influence of advertisement is achieved successfully.

Another example:

(10) The unique spirit of Canada.

译文:别具风味的加拿大酒,独特的加拿大精神。

Here the word “spirit” makes the advertisement of alcohol lifelike. It can be comprehended in two meanings: firewater and pneuma. Therefore, the double semantic meanings of “spirit” are translated into two parts “酒” and “精神” respectively.

It is worth mentioning that although this method retains the double meanings of pun, it fails to keep the charm of humor and concision of the original pun.

3.3.3 Sets translation(套译法)

Brown (1994:47) describes the relationship between culture and language as follows: “A language is a part of a culture and a culture is a part of a language; the two are intricately interwoven so that one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture”[10]. Some pun of English advertisement occurs on the basis of certain cultural background. As the development of language, its writing styles and characters are influenced by the culture and it forms the phrases(成语), common sayings(俗语), proverbs(谚语), a two-part allegorical saying(歇后语) and so on. Therefore, the pun can be translated by taking natural mode into consideration. By taking advantage of the natural mode, the translation of pun can play a role of transporting the content of original culture and keeping the concise language character.

For example,

(11)"We take no pride in prejudice".

译文:对于您的偏见,我们没有傲慢。

 This is an excellent sentence used in TIMES, which originated from Jane Austen's word-famous masterpiece named "Pride and Prejudice". By using it for reference, the producer aims to claim that he is unbiased toward anything and determines to be righteous and trustful. According to what people have known in the daily life, they would find the meaning of advertisement familiar and understandable. The advantage of this technique is to transfer the essence of culture and maintain the concise language style of source language while the essence of pun is unable to be expressed completely. Therefore, the target language will lose some humor and tact.

3.3.4 Priority translation(侧重译法)

  

The unique presentation of pun is not about the combination of the source language and target language, not about the decomposition of the meaning, but about the way of attaching importance to certain part of the version. That means emphasizing the underlying meaning instead of literal meaning. In Eugene Nida’s book Toward a Science of Translating, he defines dynamic translation as “the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message”[11]. (Nida 2001b, 166) When some advertisements contain several puns, the translator chooses to adopt this means to retain the meaning of source text. In another word, pun turns to be pun-unlike.

For example:

(12) The driver is safer when the road is dry;

The road is safer when the driver is dry.

译文:路面干燥,司机安全;司机清醒,道路安全。

Here "dry" consists of double meaning: 1.without moisture or water  2. not drunk. When translating the advertisement, "dry" applies the surface meaning to the first sentence, the underlying meaning to the second sentence. Therefore, it can be translated like that: the dry road keep the driver safe; the level-headed driver keep the road safe. With such contrast, it is easy to alert the people the importance of safe driving.

The method of priority translation is adopted by translators in most cases when the pun of source language is unable to be explained completely. Although the information of the source language can be transferred in priority, its language is presented in a mild and plain way instead of the humor and wit.

3.3.5 Compensation translation(补偿译法)

  

To some degree, translation means comparing cultures. Translators interpret source-culture phenomena in the light of their own culture-specific knowledge of that culture. A foreign culture can only be perceived by means of comparison with our own culture, the culture of our primary enculturation.

Besides, when the translator interprets one level of meaning but contain uncompleted presentation and content, the compensation is appropriate to overcome the problems by making use of sound or vision. In order to provide the whole content of the advertisements precisely, the assistant of media, such as the picture of television, the voice of radio or other things is necessary. With the help of these, the lost information and content, which is impossible to be conveyed through the language, can now be supplemented and the advertisements are also able to catch audiences' eyes and give them a deep impression.

For example:

(13) OIC

译文:哦,我看到了。

   This is an advertisement of one well-known brand of glasses. This three letters are the abbreviation of the sentence of “oh, I see”. Besides, the pronunciation of these letters is identical to that of the sentence. The advertiser smartly makes use of visual language as well as auditory language to attract consumers and bring comfort to them. If it is printed in paper media, consumers can easily comprehend it when they notice the shape of these letters, which looks like the shape of the glass. However, the translation of “OIC” can hardly match the English version with the loss of visual function and the pun in pronunciation.

The advantage of the method is that it can make use of auditory language and visual language to make up for the lost information of the advertisements that can not be conveyed by words only. Besides, the form of advertisements can give people deep impression. However, without the help of these compensation means, the advertisements can not play the vested role and can’t make people comprehend precisely.

4.Conclusion

Through the general study of pun and the discussion on its translatability, this thesis holds that to some extent, most of the puns can be translated. However, only some puns can be translated without any loss in the target language. With careless translation, some translated texts of puns even confuse the target readers. Therefore, it is very crucial to have a good acquisition of flexible translating techniques of puns and apply them successfully to English advertisement translation.

Through the analysis of various examples of pun translations, the thesis comes to conclude that the choice of certain translation techniques is greatly determined by the context. When there is an unbalance between source language and target language in their connotation or usages, translators should choose the method of semantic translation, priority translation or compensation translation. When the equivalent dictions can be found in target language and the connotation of the original pun can be reproduced, it is better to adopt the remaining means: fit translation and sets translation.

Acknowledgements

I would like to extend my thanks from the deepest bottom of my heart to those who have provided me useful suggestions to complete this thesis well. I am especially grateful to Miss Fang, my supervisor, who has offered me so much worthy direction and considerate help. Without her close guidance, this thesis would not be what it is now. 

I also would like to express my gratitude to so many classmates who have given me so precise information from library and website. What they have taught me greatly help me learn a lot in my study.

References

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[2] Longman Dictionary of the English Language[Z]  New York Publishing Press. 1995: 1143.

[3] 李鑫华, 英语修辞格详论[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.

[4] 冯庆华.实用翻译教程[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.

[5] Xu Zhong Bing, The Varieties and Translation of English Puns[J]. Foreign Language (1996.06)

[6] Eugene A Nida, On Translation[M]. Bejing: China Translation Publishing House, 1984.

[7] Wikipedia, 2007. Answers.com 17 May 2007.

[8]张南峰,Delabastita 的双关语翻译理论在英汉翻译中的应用[J]. 中国翻译,2003

[9] Delabastita, Dirk. (ed.). Traductio: Essays on Punning and Translation[M]. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 1997. 

[10] Brown, H. D. (1994). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (3rd ed). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents, 47.

. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

篇7

奈达认为,翻译不仅仅是语言的转换,更应注重这一过程与文化间的直接或间接的关联;而德国功能学派在翻译时也重视研究文本的类型、翻译的目的和读者。在中国,严复最先提出在翻译时,应该考虑读者、文本的目的和中国的社会状况等。但是直到近几年,伴随着刘宓庆《文化翻译论纲》的诞生,我国才形成了初步的文化翻译理论框架。谈及旅游翻译,其关键在于如何最大限度实现译语文化和原语文化在功能上等值以及译语读者与原语读者在接受性上和谐统一。当然,这其中还有不少策略值得研究,下面将具体介绍。

2、翻译策略

2.1直译,完全保留汉语的指称意义和句子言内意义,求得内容与形式相符的方法。如:芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。Reed Flute Cave is the most magnificent of all in Guilin.

2.2音译+释义:结合这两种方法,既弥补了单纯音译法表意能力差的缺点,又在某种程度上避免了一些难译词在意译时可能出现的语意误解、表达累赘等弊病。如:天涯海角和鹿回头风景点 Tianya-Haijiao (the end of earth and the edge of the sea) And Luhuitou (turn-round Deer)scenic spots.

2.3增译:它是指增添适当的理解原文所必需的背景知识,如历史事件发生年代,名人身份及其在历史上的贡献名胜古迹所蕴含的建筑文化、历史典故等。中国五千多年的悠久历史赋予了旅游文化丰富的内容,古老神秘的东方文化是吸引许多国外游客来华旅游的重要原因。但是,英文读者因文化差异,对富含文化背景的译文往往难以理解。因此,在进行旅游文本英译时,译者应该增加相应的文化背景解释,努力将原文中的特色文化传达到译文中,以满足国外游客对中国文化的好奇心理,从而吸引更多的游客。如:“杨贵妃”可译为Yang Guifei, favorite concubine of a Tang emperor;“黄帝陵”可译为the Tomb of Huangdi (Yellow Emperor), the first Chinese emperor;“诸葛亮”可译为:Zhuge Liang, the Prime Minister of the Shu Kingdom. 这样一来,没有中国历史文化底蕴的外国游客也可以清楚地了解旅游资料中所传达的信息。

2.4减译:汉语常用修辞来润色从而显得同义重复,这与英语的简练形成鲜明对比。在翻译旅游资料时,没有必要将描写性词语一一译出,可以适当删减,保持内容和意思完整准确即可。如:奇特秀丽的海景、山景和石景,海山相连,相得益彰,蔚为奇观Wonders of nature---hills, the sea and rocks present a splendid sight. 原文用用了3个四字成语来描绘这儿的美景,如“海山相连”、“相得益彰”、“蔚为奇观。但在西方人眼里,这些四字格缺乏实际内容,夸张有余而真实感不足。因此,译者将这些虚化朦胧的四字结构省略,只译出原文主要内容,使译文景物描写真实客观,符合英语读者的审美习惯。

2.5类比:对于外国游客不了解的相关知识,采用英语文化中相似的内容来译。

纽马克在A Textbook of Translation一书中提到了文化负载词的翻译方法,即用译入语中的文化负载词翻译原语中的文化负载词。由于文化背景不同,互相替换的两种文化负载词很难说完全对应,但它们之间确实存在某种程度的对应。所以在旅游文本中用类比法能使译入语读者更容易接受,文本的呼唤功能也更容易实现。如:济公劫富济穷,深受穷人喜欢。Jigong, Robin Hood in China, robbed the rich and helped the poor, he was loved deeply by the poor.

类比其实是一种变通手法,可以更便利地向外国游客介绍旅游文本中中国文化所特有的年代、地名、人名或事件,可以使游客将陌生事物与自己文化中对应的事物联系起来,便于理解和交流。这一方法对于译本的可接受性很有帮助,但是如果从文化传播的角度考虑,类比淡化了中国文化特色,应该是在增译法行不通的情况下才采取的一种方法。

篇8

“文化”内涵丰富,界定复杂。世界各国学者试图从不同角度对文化进行概念界定,但至今未能达成统一观点。如,人类学者认为文化是无处不在、无所不包的人类知识、行为的总和;文化学者认为文化是人类社会政治、经济、艺术、教育、修养、文学、语言、思维的总和;跨文化交际学者认为文化是人际交流的一种特殊形式。国内出版的《辞海》的解释是:文化是人类社会历史时间过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。可见,文化概念宽泛,内涵丰富,外延宽广,包括人类社会活动的方方面面。人类的各种观念礼数、风情行为、生活方式等都属于文化。其中,语言活动是人类文化活动的重要组成部分。翻译是将一种语言转换为另一种语言的文化活动,是语言之间的转换,亦是文化之间的交流。因为语言是文化的载体,翻译活动既然涉及到语言,就必然会涉及到文化。语言是在一定的历史文化背景中产生和发展的,不同的文化背景催生了不同的语言架构。文化背景的差异直接或间接地导致了语言的差异。离开了一定的文化环境,语言的产生便成问题。因此,只有具有文化特质的人类才有了独特于其他物种的语言。反之,语言是文化的表现形式,文化是用语言来表述和传达的,语言承载着文化,通过语言,文化得以记载、传播和延续,离开了语言,文化的表达和传播便不再顺畅。正是因为语言的差异,才需要文化的交流和融合。语言与文化的密切关系注定了翻译与文化的密切关系。不同文化之间的交流需要由语言来充当沟通桥梁,即通过将一种语言翻译为另一种语言的方式。翻译的是语言,更是文化,翻译“是文化的翻译”。因此,文化的差异不可避免地给语言的转换带来种种难以逾越的鸿沟和难以克服的困难,从而增加语际翻译的难度。翻译理论家尤金•奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更重要,因为词语只有在起作用的文化背景中才有意义。”

二、中国古代文化对中医翻译的影响

鉴于语言、文化、翻译之间的关系,翻译之所以不那么容易,乃是因为语言反映文化,承载着丰厚的文化内涵,并受文化的制约。一旦语言进入交际,便存在对文化内涵的理解和表达问题。中医产生并发展于中国古代文化,中国古代文化对中医翻译的影响主要体现在以下几个方面:

(一)语言文字的影响

中医根植于中国古代文化,其经典著作多以古文形式写成,具有浓厚的古典文化色彩。汉语古文有时具有现代汉语没有的用法和意义,有时语言深奥、抽象而模糊,加大了中医翻译的难度。译者首先要具备一定的古文知识,理解原文的语义意义;译者还必须充分了解中医,理解原文的医学意义;译者还必须了解中国古代文化,在文化背景里充分理解原文的文化意义。只有做到以上三点,译者才迈出了中医翻译的第一步。比如,中医的经典著作《黄帝内经》,语言为古汉语,文中有很多现代汉语没有的词语,比如通假字、古今字等。翻译时要结合语篇,并参照注释本,才能明确其含义。比如,“天明则日月不明,邪害空窍,阳气者闭塞,地气者冒明,云雾不精,则上应白露不下。交通不表,万物命故不施,不施则名木多死。”这里“空”就是通假字,同现代汉语的“孔”,“空窍”就是“孔窍”,意为“毛孔”,直接英译为“orifices”或‘externalorifices”较好。《黄帝内经》的首部英译本译者伊尔扎•威斯女士(IlzaVeith)由于对中国古汉语这一特殊词汇现象不太了解,将其译为“evilwouldcomeduringthisperiodofemptiness”,不仅传达了错误的信息,而且没能很好地传递中医文化。

(二)思维方式的影响

中医的思维方式及其看病诊病治病方法深受中国古代文化影响。首先,中国文化重形象思维、重直觉,在语言使用上重意合,很多词语具有言外之意。而英语则重逻辑思维和实证分析,文中语言关系明确,因而翻译时要特别注意汉语词汇的隐含意义向英语词汇的非隐含意义的转换。比如,《黄帝内经》中这句话:“三八!臣氢平均,筋骨劲强,故真牙生而长极。”这里“三八”是隐含意,意为“二十四岁”,可译为“Attheageoftwenty-four”,而不是字面上的“threeeight”。其次,中医强调整体,主张辩证治疗,强调阴阳平衡、五行相生相克。译者要充分了解这一文化现象,把握这种思维方式,才能做好中医翻译。比如,《黄帝内经》中这句话:“岐伯曰:春胜长夏,长夏胜冬,冬胜夏,夏胜秋,秋胜春,所谓得五行时之胜,各以气命其藏。”这里暗含着中国文化中的五行相生相克思想,译者了解五行文化才能读懂原文,做出恰当翻译。第三,中医强调人与自然的融合,即“天人合一”。这种独特的思维方式也是中医翻译特别要注意的。比如,《黄帝内经》中这句话:“天地之间,六合之内,其鱼九州、九窍、五藏、十二节,皆通乎天气。”按照现在汉语,其意思为:“凡是天地之间,六个方向之内,无论是地之九州,人之九窍、五脏、十二关节,都是和天气相通的。”

(三)文化哲学的影响

许崇信在《文化交流与翻译》中说道:“文化具有独特的民族特点,是不同民族在特殊历史地理环境里的独特创造,因此,在翻译过程中如何对待和处理外来文化,无论在理论上或实践上都是一个重大课题。”中医是中华民族优秀的文化瑰宝,它的产生和发展都深受中国文化哲学影响,具有丰富的思想性和人文性。不理解中国文化哲学,是很难理解中医的,更不用说进行中医翻译了。首先,中医里一些人名具有文化特色,如“黄帝”、“歧伯”等。其次,中医一些常用术语具有独特的文化内涵,如“阴阳”、“精”、“气”等。第三,中医里还有一些易造成文化误读的词语,如“春秋”(指年龄)、“百岁”(虚指,并不是真的指一百岁)等。对这些名称、词语的文化背景、文化内涵不理解,如将“黄帝”译为“EmperorHuang”或仅仅音译为“Huangdi”,都不能很好地传递其所包涵的文化意韵。更重要的是,中医的形成与发展与中国古代哲学息息相关,其核心思想、理论机制及主要内容都是中国古代哲学的反映和体现。如《黄帝内经》就是以阴阳、五行为中心,以同类相应为规律建立其理论的。其精气理论是对道家“道”即是“气”思想的继承和发展,其中许多养生和治法理论是“道法自然”的产物。如“上古之人,其知道者,法于旦盟,和于术数,……”这句话就包含了中国古代哲学原理,“其知道者”意为“懂得养生的道理”,“法于旦盟”意为“效法于天地阴阳的自然变化”,“和于术数”意为“调和于术数”。译者要了解中国古代哲学,深刻理解“道”、“术数”等文化含义,才能对其进行翻译。

三、结语

篇9

失地农民的出现是社会发展注重效率的必然结果,其再就业安置则体现了社会公平的程度。随着人类对于自然界的认识及改造能力的增强,追求效率的结果是以群居为特征的城市的出现及社会城市化进程的加快。这是以占有原农村土地为代价的,因此就产生了大量的失地农民。所以说失地农民的出现是社会追求效率的必然结果。另一方面农民失去了土地,也就失去了原来赖以生存的手段;而且其整体文化素质不高,参政能力有待提高,这就决定了失地农民在社会上处于弱势群体的地位。社会公平就是要解决社会上弱势群体的平等地位。从反方面来看,如果没有很好的解决失地农民再就业安置问题,失地农民很容易成为社会发展的消极因素,进而影响社会效率的提高。

政府作为执行公共权力的主体,在维护公平方面,起主导作用。其主要通过建立和实施相关制度,用它来规范社会中行为主体人的行为,维护社会秩序。

政府在促进就业中应承担的职责包括以下几个方面:提供就业政策,建立健全就业相关法规制度;为就业者提供公平的就业环境,完善就业服务体系;充分发挥比较优势,搞好产业结构调整,多渠道、多层次、多形式开发就岗位;为失业者提供社会保障,以保证失业者在就业前的基本生活。

研究发达国家在城市化进程中对失业农民的安置过程,我们发现,各国政府都积极的发挥作用:通过立法制定严格的法律、法规及相应政策,尽量保护农民利益;用工厂和农场来吸收剩余劳动力,加强就业培训、利用多种途径促使剩余劳动力的就业;设立失地农民社会保障,降低他们的风险。

通过对长春市净月潭旅游经济开发区的失地农民再就业安置问题的实地研究,比较我国其它地区失地农民再就业安置情况,目前在无统一的政策规定的情况下,各级地方政府采取的就业安置模式主要有:浙江模式,以土地换保障为中心的以商业化运作为特点的多渠道多形式的就业安置模式;咸嘉的“留地集中安置,综合开发建设”模式;南海的集体土地股份制模式;以杭州和山东为代表的开发性安置模式。综合来看,各种安置模式都存在一些共性的问题:如目前各地几乎还没有真正建立失地农民的社会保障制度,保障方式单一,水平过低;政府没有履行其应尽的职责;制度方面不能有效的保证失地农民的权益;以土地换社保的模式强调、突出了保障,但对就业能力的提高,再就业的安置关注不够等等。

在失地农民再就业安置过程中农民自身存在的问题主要包括:文化素质和劳动技能偏低;自身的适应性较差,在思想、观念上没有做好充分的准备去适应这种非农转变;农民缺乏捍卫自身权益的思想意识,不知道如何利用法律武器保护自己;农民组织化程度空前弱化,农民基本上丧失自我保护能力;失地农民中的“弱势群体”的生活难问题尤为突出。

在失地农民再就业安置过程中政府存在的问题包括:1、政府责任错位:政府没有更好的为被征地者提供生活基础—补偿安置款;政府对提高失地农就业能力和再就业的安置关注不够;个别政府和商家勾结,牺牲农民利益以谋取私利。2、由政府失职导致的制度缺失表现在:制度有效供给不足一一失地农民再就业安置法律法规不完善,相关政策落实不到位;土地征用补偿制度不合理,监督机制不健全,补偿费用被基层政权截留;社会保障制度缺失。

为解决上述问题,政府在对失地农民再就业安置的过程中要做到:1,政府要保证有效制度供给:首先要制定符合失地农民特点的社会保障制度;其次要完善征地制度及相关法律法规,保护被征地农民利益;再次,政府要提高自身执法水平保证各项制度法规的有效落实。2、政府有责任指导失地农民的再就业。3、政府要从多方面帮助失地农民实现再就业:首先要完善失地农民就业培训机制和体系,帮助失地农民提高劳动技能;其次制定适合失地农民特点的就业促进政策,多创造岗位,扶持失地农民逐步致富;再次建立完善的劳动力市场体系,营造健康的就业环境。另外,为更好地解决失地农民再就业安置问题,还应充分发挥市场机制优势,并提高农民自我维权水平。

英文:

Atpresent,wehavetofacetheseriousproblemhowtofindjobsforthepeasantswholosttheirlandintheprocessofurbanizationinchina.Therefore,itisoftheoreticalvalueandrealisticmeaningcarryingonthetheoreticalanalysisandpracticalinvestigationtotheproblem.Thepaperanalysesobjectivelyandexpoundthedutyofthegovernmentandthemarketintheprocessofthereemploymentandsettlementaboutthepeasantswholosttheirland,andpointsoutreemploymentandsettlementofpeasantswhothegovernment''''sdutyduringlosttheirterritories,andbringsrelevantsuggestionswhich,Ihope,maybefavorabletoresolvetheproblemandconstructionofsocialistharmonioussocietyinChinathroughtheexperiencesbothathomeandabroadaboutthereemploymentandsettlementaboutthepeasantswholosttheirterritories.

Itisaninevitableoutcomeforustopayattentiontoefficiencyinsocialdevelopmentthatthepeasantslosttheirterritorytakesplace.Itreflectsthedegreeoffairnessinoursocietythattheyhasbeenreemployedandsettleddown.Withmankind''''sdevelopmentoftheabilitytounderstandandtransformnature,theresultofpursuingefficiencybringsaboutappearanceofthecitywiththecharacteristicoflivingingroupsandquickeningtheprocessofthesocialurbanization.Thisisatthecostofoccupyingtheoriginalruralland,whichmakesalargenumberofpeasantslosttheirterritories.

Therefore,itisaforegoneconclusionforthesocietytopursueefficiencythatthepeasantslosttheirland.Itsuggeststhatthepeasantslosttheirterritoriesmeanthattheylosttheoriginalwaytheydependonforexistence.Th

epooreducationofthewholepeasantsgetandtheabilitytoparticipateingovernmentandpoliticalaffairsneedsdeveloping,allofwhichdeterminethepositionofdisadvantagedgroupsinthesocietythatthepeasantslostterritorieshavetobe.Afairsocietyshouldjustsolvetheproblemoftheequalfooting,whichthedisadvantagedgroupsinthesocietyshouldget.

Otherwise,thepeasantsoflostterritoryareveryapttobecomethenegativefactorofsocialdevelopment,whichwillbeabadinfluenceontheimprovementofsocialefficiency,iftheproblemofreemployingandsettlingdownthepeasantsoflostterritoryissolvednotverywell.

Asthesubjectofcarryingoutpubicpower,thegovernmentplaysaleadingroleinkeepingfairness.Itstandardizesthebehavioralagents''''behaviorinsocietybythewaytosetupandadministerrelevantsystems,andkeepsthecivilorder.

dutythatthegovernmentshouldtakeinpromotingemploymentincludestherespectsasfollows:Firstly,offertheemploymentpolicies,setupandperfecttherelevantlawsandregulationsonemployment;Secondly,offerthefairemploymentenvironmenttoemployees,perfectservicesystemofemployment;Thirdly,givefullplaytocomparativeadvantage,dowellinindustrialrestructuring,tryhardtocreatetheopeningsbythemultifacetedways;Finally,offerthesocialsecuritytothejobless,soastoensuretheirbasiclifebeforetheyareemployed.

Studyingtheprocessoffindingplacesfortheunemployedpeasantsintheprocessofurbanizationinthedevelopedcountry,we''''vefoundthatthegovernmentsofvariouscountriesallshaveplayedtheroleofactivesupport.Throughlegislatingtomakethestrictlawsandregulationsandcorrespondingpolicies,whichtrytheirbesttoprotecttheinterestsofthepeasants;Absorbthesurpluslabor,strengthenemploymenttraining,impelthesurpluslaborerstobeemployedbyasmanywaysaspossible;Setupthesocialsecurityforthepeasantsoflostterritoryandreducetheirrisk.

Throughon-the-spotresearchesonthesettlementoftheproblemofpeasantswholosttheirterritoriesinChangchunJingyuetanTourist&EconomicDevelopmentZone,comparingthesituationsofreemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirterritoriesinotherareasofourcountry,underthesituationthatthereisnounifiedpoliciesandregulationsatpresent,themainreemploymentandsettlementmodesofthelocalgovernmentsareasfollows:ThemodeofZhejiang,themulti-channelandmultiformmodesofreemploymentandsettlement,takesexchanginglandforsocialsecurityaskeyandtakescommercializedoperationasitscharacteristics;themodeof"reservinglandforintegratesettlement,comprehensivedevelopmentandconstruction"hasbeenusedinXianjia;theshareholdingmodeofcollectivelandinNanhai;thetypicalcreativemodesinHangzhouCityandShandong.Ingeneral,therearesomeproblemsincommonamongthesesettlementmodes,suchasalmostnorealsocialsecuritysystemforthepeasantswholosttheirterritoriesatpresenthasbeenmadeandmeanwhile,thewaysofsocialsecurityistoosimpleandfarfromperfect;thegovernmentdoesn''''tdoitsdutywhichitoughttodo;itcan''''teffectivelysecuretherightsandinterestsofpeasantswholosttheirterritories.Themodeofexchanginglandforsocialsecurityemphasizesthesocialsecurity,butdoesn''''tpayenoughattentiontotheimprovementofemploymentabilityandthearrangementofreemploying,etc.

Duringthereemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirterritories,thepeasantshavetheirownproblemsandtheyaremainly:education,laborskillspoor;andtheirownadaptabilityarepoor;theymakenofullpreparationforfacingthechangefromagriculturaltonon-agriculturallaborerintheconceptorideas.Peasantshavenotheideologyofdefendingtheirownrightsandinterests,don''''tknowhowtousetheweaponsoflawtoprotectthemselves;thepeasant''''sorganizationisweakenedinunprecedentedway,peasantsloseself-protectionabilitybasically;theproblemsofhardtoliveforthe"disadvantagedgroups"amongthepeasantswholosttheirterritoriesareparticularlyserious.

Intheprocessofthereemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheir

territoriesthegovernmenthastheproblemsasfollows:1.improperpositionofthegovernment''''sresponsibilities:thegovernmentdoesn''''tprovidethepeasantswhoselandisacquiredwithbetterlivingcondition-compensationforsettlement;thegovernmentdoesn''''tpayenoughattentiontoimprovingtheabilityofemploymentandreemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirland;somegovernmentsandbusinessmencollaboratewitheachotherandencroachupontheinterestsofthepeasantstoseekpersonalgain.2.thegovernmentneglectsitsdutytocausethelackofinstitutionasfollows:theinsufficientoftheinstitutionaleffectivesupply-theimperfectofthelawsandregulationsonthereemploymentandsettlementofpeasantswholosttheirterritoriesandrelevantpoliciesarenotfullyimplemented;theinstitutionoflandacquisitioncompensationisunreasonable,supervisionmechanismisnotperfect,compensationexpensesarekeptbythepoliticalauthorityatroot-level;thesocialsecuritysystemislacked.

篇10

摘要:图式理论对人的认知行为和心理的基础性解释广泛应用于语言研究,在涉及认知、理解、记忆等大量心理过程的翻译活动中,图式理论也具有现实指导意义。

译者可以依据图式理论在翻译过程中对冗余信息进行衡量和取舍,在冗余不足和冗余过量的情况下采取不同的翻译策略,帮助读者激活已有图式或建立新的相关图式。

1.引言

Kant提出,图式(schema)是组织人们世界知识的内在结构,认为概念只有和个人的已知信息联系才有意义。现代图示理论起源于Bartlette的“Remembering:AStudyinExperimentalandSocialPsychology”(1932)(图式是对过去经验的反映或对过去经验的积极组织)。外部输入的信息通过编码、组织,汇入人脑中已有的知识网络,即进入长时记忆并储存起来。编码的具体形式即各个具体的图式,是人们头脑中已有的结构性知识或知识单元,其中心作用在于构建对某个事件、客体或情形的解释。翻译,尤其是文学翻译,是一种创造性的心理活动,涉及译者的思维、感受、动机、情感、记忆等心理因素。翻译过程基本发生在人的大脑之中,我们应当应用心理学的规律,在有关感觉、信息处理、记忆及认知科学等心理研究的框架中来分析该过程。翻译过程中,图示理论不仅可以解释译者本人对源文本的理解和记忆,而且可以进一步指导译者的翻译行为。

2.语言的冗余性

(1)语言符号具有相关性,根据前面出现的符号,可以预测后面可能出现的符号。当语音或文字不清楚时,人们可以根据上下文来理解话语或文章的含义。在有噪声干扰时,仍能根据已听清楚的部分来识别不清晰的语音。话语或语篇中并非一切成分对于传达语言符号整体所包含的信息都不可缺少意味着语言符号具有冗余性,它保证了话语或语篇在不理想的环境下(如书面文章中有遗漏,谈话时有嘈杂声,书写的字母不清楚,发音不清晰)仍能发挥其交际功能。

(2)不同的语言冗余度有差异。英语书面语的冗余度在67%到80%之间,汉语书面语的冗余度在56%与74%之间。可见,汉语书面语的冗余度略低。对于同样长的字母序列,汉语在语义方面给人们的预示比英语弱,语义的不确定性程度更大。在英汉互译过程中,要考虑两种语言冗余度不同,根据源语读者和译语读者对不同的冗余度的适应的差异,采取必要的翻译策略:一,调整译文,使冗余度适量;二,帮助读者建构新的图式,拓展旧图式或激活已有图式,在译语读者和源语文化之间搭起沟通的桥梁。

3.对翻译过程中冗余信息处理的启示信息度(informativity)是建构语篇标准之一,指语篇信息量超出语篇接受者心理期待的程度,也就是语篇信息是否在预期之中、是否已知、是否不确定的程度。当源语语篇提供的信息超出解码过程所需,多余信息被称为“冗余”。冗余是有效语言交际的重要因素。从信息角度来说,语言冗余在语内交际中总是适度的(王金波、王艳,2002)帮助接受者保持相同的信道容量,即受到噪音(信息缺失、外部干扰等)干扰时依靠理解能力来理解信息发送者的含义。一个语篇或话语中,冗余和信息度成反比:冗余信息比例越大,信息量(新信息和有效信息)比例越小,信息度越低;反之,冗余信息比例越小,信息量(新信息和有效信息)比例越大,信息度越高。信息量过多或过少都会造成语言交流的障碍。读者作为语篇信息的接受者,有付出一定努力来理解语篇内容的心理准备。信息度高的语篇处理的难度高,更有挑战性,也更有趣味性。但是信息度不能高到完全超出了读者的现有图式,以免影响读者激活相关图式帮助理解的过程。信息度是所有语篇的共性,不管结构或内容多么为人们所熟悉,一个语篇中总会有读者未知的或不能预测的因素。每个部分信息度都很低的语篇会让读者感觉单调枯燥,味如嚼蜡,甚至完全不可接受;而信息度处处过高的语篇则晦涩难懂,让人如坠云雾。所以一个语篇中高信息度的语段和低信息度的语段互相补充是常态的,也就是说读者的已有图式要能部分地映射语篇的信息,才能取得最佳阅读效果。例1.TheAidsepidemicscontinuestospread,particularlyinAfricaandIndia.HereinBombay,1000peoplebecomesinfectedeveryday.ThedeathrateistheequivalentofaHiroshimabombex-plodingeverymonth.例1中第一句话的论点广为人知,如果把它看成一个独立的语篇,其信息度很低。但它引入了一个信息度较高的语段。保持语篇恰当的信息度,有2个常见方法:以常规的衔接方式保持特殊的连贯性,或以特殊的衔接方式保持常规的连贯。从图示理论来看,更新完善内容图式,或拓展新的形式图式。例2.“...62counties,16months,3debates,2opponentsand6blackpantsuitslater,becauseofyou,hereweare.”“辗转六十二个县,历经十六个月,三场辩论,打败了两个竞争对手,穿破了六套便服以后,由于你们的支持,我们终于胜利了。”希拉里的演讲词中使用了常见的并列结构加强连贯,将“2opponents”和“6blackpantsuits”放在“later”之前,异常的搭配产生了强烈的幽默效果,提高了语篇的信息度。例3.Nowfadestheglimmeringlandscapeonthesight,Andalltheairasolemnstillnessholds.为满足诗歌对韵脚的特殊要求,例3诗节中动词后置。这个例子体现了常规的连贯性(概念)和特殊的衔接手段(语法)结合,也起到了提高信息度,加强阅读理解过程的难度和趣味的效果。译者构建译文的时候不能无视信息度。不加调整地把源语文本中适量的冗余信息译入译语文本,可能出现冗余过量或冗余不足,不能和读者的图式知识和信道容量匹配,造成理解困难或审美误解。须采用各种翻译手段来处理冗余,调整原文的信息度,或对读者的图式进行补充和丰富。对于冗余不足、信息度过高的语篇,要适当降低信息度(downgrading),增加冗余。常用策略有:解释晦涩难解的表达或陌生的概念,使特殊的语法结构一般化。降低信息度是广泛使用的翻译策略,采取各种翻译技巧使译文通顺自然的方式都可以归为这一类。增加注释,在语篇中添加解释性成分,在序言或后记中提供相关背景知识和常识都属于降低信息度的手段。尤其在文学翻译中,译者通常要介绍作者的生平、作品的社会时代背景,等等。总之,降低信息度包括调整译文,使之对应读者的图式知识,或帮助读者建立、拓展、激活相关图式的一切方式。例4.theItalianfields,wherestilldothswayThetripletyrant...”译者在注释中解释了“thetripletyrant”:“指罗马教皇,因为教皇戴的皇冠有三个边沿。”帮助对基督教了解甚少,缺乏关于教皇的图式知识的中国读者建立相关图式,理解原诗。例5.三讲(讲学习,讲政治,讲正气)emphasisonthreethings:study,politicsandintegrity.汉语政治口号倾向于使用省略说法,很多政治文本具有很强的中国特色。译者必须加以解释,以帮助外语读者理解语篇,帮助他们建立起相关图式。汉语中有大量缺乏实义的词,表示范畴和种类,比如“任务”、“现象”、“过程”、“情况”、“态度”等。应适当删减避免译入英语产生过量冗余。例6.污染防治工作pollutioncontrol例7.环境保护活动environmentalprotection对于冗余过量、信息度过低的源语语篇,要适当提高信息度(downgrading),减少冗余。值得注意的是,由于语言本身的差异和语言习惯的不同,汉语中的适量冗余有时在英语中是过量的冗余。如汉语中大量使用形容词和副词修饰名词、形容词和动词,或对主题进行强调。如果直接移植到英语译文,就会产生过量冗余,不仅不能加强效果,反而削弱原文力度,甚至形成别扭错误的英语表达。

4.结论图式是人脑中关于世界知识的认知组织形式,是人类认知、理解、记忆的基础。读者的图式直接影响到对语篇信息的理解。译者翻译过程中要适度调整冗余度,使之适应读者的图式,或及时填补源语语篇中略去的图式,在读者认知语境中建立新的图式,帮助激活、拓展相关图式,推进不同文化的沟通交流。这既是翻译的策略,更是翻译的根本目的之一。

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[5]刘明东.文化图式的可译性及其实现手段[J].北京:中国翻译,2003,(3).