田单列传范文
时间:2023-04-09 05:17:24
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篇1
―No wonder he has such a good _____.
A. expectationB. contribution
C. reputationD. regulation
2. ―The concert we attended last night was really wonderful.
―Yeah, I had never been to _____.
A. the best oneB. a better one
C. a worse oneD. the worst one
3. Jane looks excited.She _____ to have passed the driving test.
A. seemsB. seemed
C. had seemedD. is seeming
4. ―How can I get the main idea of a news article quickly?
―Just look through the first and last paragraph, and you _____what it is mainly about.
A. seeB. will see
C. are seeingD. have seen
5. People don’t understand why he quit the job_____ he was so well paid in that big company.
A. ifB. untilC. onceD.when
6. ―I was such a disappointment.I lost a game that I shouldn’t have.
―Take it easy._____ today.But bad luck won’t always come.
A. It’s just not your day
B. You are in a mood
C. You are just not yourself
D. You are a cold fish
7. Between the two tall trees _____ a farmhouse, in front of which_____ an old man, his eyes closed.
A. lies; is sittingB. stands; sits
C. standing; does sitD. lying; sitting
8. The statement said five people died at the scene in this accident, while 15 others, their teacher included, were _____ dead by the afternoon.
A. convincedB. described
C. submittedD. confirmed
9. Night had already fallen when we left the station.Tired and hungry, we decided to _____for the night at a small hotel nearby.
A. put throughB. put down
C. put upD. put in
10. ―Peter was admitted to a second-class college.
―He_____ a top university, but he was addicted to playing computer games.
A. had enteredB. would enter
C. must have enteredD. could have entered
11. An important parents’ meeting _____ tomorrow, all the class are busy cleaning the room.
A. givenB. to be given
C. givingD. to give
12. Mr.Bob, _____ as a manager for many years, found it hard to be an ordinary clerk again.
A. having workedB. worked
C. to have workedD. working
13. ―Mom, everyone _____behind my back these days due to my bad performance on the stage.
―Come on.Don’t care what other people talk about.
A. laughsB. laughed
C. has been laughingD. has been laughed
14. A warm thought came to me _____ I might help wash my mom’s feet on Thanksgiving Day.
A. ifB. whenC. whichD. that
15. ―Sorry, Betty.I’m afraid that I can’t go to Jay Chou’s concert.
―_____Who knows when he will be back here next time?
A. It doesn’t matter.B. Sounds great!
篇2
关键词:《史记》司马迁义利观
司马迁是我国西汉著名的史学家,他的《史记》被鲁迅称为“史家之绝唱,无韵之离骚”。他在《史记》一书中明白的表达了自己的义利观。
一、“富者,人之情性”――追求物质财富是每个人的本性
司马迁认为,每个人都具有自利的一面,这是人的一种自然本性。所谓“天下熙熙,皆为利来;天下攘攘,皆为利往”。人的本性就是对利的追求,并以此来满足自己的欲望。司马迁的这一观点无疑是继承了先秦诸子的思想,如孔子认为:“富与贵,是人之所欲也”。[1]荀子也有类似的观点:“饥而欲食,寒而欲暖,劳而欲息,好利而恶害,是人之所在而有也”。[2]所不同的是,司马迁更强调欲望是驱使人民求富谋利的原动力,在《史记・货殖列传》中,他首先批评了老子的所谓理想社会――“至治之极,邻国相望,鸡狗之声相闻,民各甘其食,美其服,安其俗,乐其业,至老死不相往来”是“几无行矣”,是完全走不通的。接着他又列举了十种社会现象以强调自己的观点:“夫壮士在军,攻城先登,陷阵却敌,斩将搴旗,前蒙矢石,不避汤火之难者,为重赏使也。其在闾巷少年,攻剽椎埋,劫人作奸,掘冢铸币,任侠并兼,借交报仇,篡逐幽隐,不避法禁,走死地如骛者,其实皆为财用耳。今夫赵女郑姬,设形容,携鸣琴,揄长袂,蹑利屣,目挑心招,出不远千里,不择老少者,奔富厚也。游闲公子,饰冠剑,连车骑,亦为富贵容也。弋射渔猎,犯晨夜,冒霜雪,驰坑谷,不避猛兽之害,为得味也。博戏驰逐,斗鸡走狗,作色相矜,必争胜者,重失负也。医方诸食技术之人,焦神极能,为重糈也。吏士舞文弄法,刻章伪书,不避刀锯之诛者,没于赂遗也。农工包商贾蓄长,固求富益货也。此有知尽能索耳,终不余力而让财矣。”壮士、少年、赵女郑姬、游闲公子、弋射渔猎者……社会上的所有人都是在利的驱使下努力奋斗,甚至是铤而走险,触犯法令。
在司马迁看来,人们追求自身欲望的满足是天经地义的,这不仅符合自然规律,而且符合一定的道义,如果人们不追求利,那么就会出现《周书》上的所谓“农不出则乏其食,工不出则乏其事,商不出则三宝绝,虞不出则财匮少”的严重情况。相反,如果把这几个关系到国计民生的大事搞好了,就会出现“上则富国,下则富家”的可喜局面。由此可见,司马迁在义利观上是非常重视物质利益的。
二、“礼生于有而废于无”――经济利益是道德的基础
司马迁在提出了追求财富是人的本性后,又进一步指出经济利益是道德的基础。司马迁非常同意管仲的“仓禀实而知礼节,衣食足而知荣辱”的观点,并将此话简化为“礼生于有而废于无”。在他看来,对于个人来讲,只有满足了物质需要才能更好地行“仁义”,司马迁并不否定思想教育和道德约束的力量,但他更强调是经济决定着人的思想、人的道德。所谓“渊深而鱼生之,山深而兽往之,人富而仁义附焉”。在这里,利是基础,利决定着义。他举了陶朱公和子贡等人的例子来证明他的观点。陶朱公帮勾践完成霸业后就泛舟商海,他“十九年之中三致千金,再分散与贫交昆弟”。司马迁称其为“富好行其德者”。而对于孔子“七十子之徒”中“最为饶益”的子贡,司马迁认为:“夫使孔子名布扬于天下者”,是“子贡先后之也”,并称他为“得势而益彰者”。在这里,司马迁一方面指出了道德观念受物质利益制约,另一方面也反映了封建道德有其虚伪的一面,它是供财富占有者,供权势者们经常涂用的一种美丽的脂粉,谁有钱有势,谁就有道德。[3]《游侠列传》里说的很明白:“鄙人有言曰:‘何知仁义,已飨其利者为有德’。故伯夷酉鬼周,饿死首阳山,而文武不以其故贬王;盗跖暴戾,其徒诵义无穷。由此观之,‘窃钩者诛,窃国者侯,侯之门仁义存’非虚言也。”这里的言辞虽不无偏激,但它却清楚地揭示出了道德对经济的依赖,和剥削阶级的所谓道德的虚伪性、欺骗性。
三、“以礼义防于利”―― 用道德来调控人们对物质利益的追求
司马迁一方面强调物质利益决定道德,另一方面也主张用道德观念去防止单纯追求物质利益所带来的弊端,主张用“义”来调控人们对“利”的追求。他在《平准书》里强调“以礼义防于利”,即主张用礼义道德去规范限定人们逐利的行为,而不能允许社会成员随心所欲地去追求物质利益。[4]
司马迁虽然鼓励人们求富,但如何求富,司马迁有他自己的主张,那就是 “本富为上,末富次之,奸富最下”。司马迁肯定那些依靠自己的劳动力致富的手段,否定非“治生之正道”的“奸富”或“恶业”,如“掘冢”、“博戏”之类。可见,司马迁提倡的是有道德内涵的富,是依靠合法正当手段的富,反对的是不择手段的富,是不合道义的奸富。
值得注意的是,我们从《史记》的选材上也可以看出司马迁的义利倾向,他充分肯定和赞扬重义轻利、重义轻生的游侠、忠臣、良将和义士,并为他们单独列传。如他为“义不苟合当世”的游侠立传,只因为他们“言必信,行必果,诺必诚,不爱其躯,赴士之厄困”。此外,他还在《伯夷列传》中歌颂积仁洁行,宁肯饿死却不食周粟的伯夷、叔齐;在《晋世家》中歌颂忠诚主事,重义守信,不负所托,从容赴死的公孙杵臼和程婴。在《田单列传》中,他歌颂齐画邑贤人王虫蜀“与其生而无义,固不如烹”的守义不屈等等。所有这些,都反映了司马迁对义行为的赞赏和追求。当义和利发生冲突时,司马迁会毫不犹豫的站在义的一边,司马迁的义利观的精髓也正体现在这里。
综上所述,司马迁的义利观非常清楚和明白:第一,肯定了追求物质财富是每个人的本性;第二、认为道德意识以物质世界为基础;第三、强调要用“义”,即道德去规范人们对物质利益的盲目追求。
参考文献:
[1]《论语・里仁》
[2]《荀子・非相》