英语四级预测作文范文

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英语四级预测作文

篇1

a)社会实践的作用b)可能产生的问题c)提出建议

可参考[问题解决型模板]

划线句子也可作为模板

Social Practice

Social practice has been more and more popular inuniversities and colleges. Students are asked to enter society and get someidea of it. Surely social practice has many advantages.Firstly, social practicecan offer students a chance to contact society and meet different kinds ofpeople. In this waystudents can gain some valuable social experience, whichwill be useful to their future career. Secondly, students can apply what theyhave learned in class to practical work, thus knowing themselves more clearly.Thirdly, social practice can bring them some financial reward and make themmore independent of their family. (描述问题段)

However, some problems may arise if no correct guidanceis made. For example, some students get overly interested in social practiceand want to work full-time and earn money, thus neglecting theirstudies.Andsome students are likely to get in touch with the dark side ofsociety, which will affect their future studies。(说明问题段)

篇2

预测题目:

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying "The beautiful thing about learning is that nobody can take that away from you." You can cite examples to illustrate the beauty and features of knowledge. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

参考范文:

The Beauty of Knowledge

Praise of knowledge has never come to an end since ancient times. Apparently, knowledge is a treasure that everybody volunteers to possess and much of success could be attributed to it directly or indirectly.

As far as I am concerned, the beauty of knowledge can be explained in three aspects.

篇3

一、主题作文及图画作文的模板:

These days 现象 often hits the headlines of newspapers and has been brought into focus of the public. Just as the picture shown that… (如果是图画作文可以写出具体的现象或问题,也可以一句话描述图画:As is vividly illustrated above, in the +地方 +动词(be, come, run, walk, jump, sit, stand, lie, crouch, float等)+主题词,非谓语动词/非限制性定语从句,独立主格/非限制性定语从句。) Indeed, it is widely accepted / acknowledged that it has gained increasing popularity among people in all walks of life/ college students.

Those who are in favor of 现象 maintain that 描述观点1. In their view, 阐释观点1. On the contrary, those who are against 现象 hold/ point out that 描述观点2. Besides, 阐释证实观点2 . (第二段可以根据文章来分析原因,影响,优点或缺点等。)

It is high time we put an end to the undesirable phenomenon of… (虚拟语气的句子) 然后再分条来说明措施。On the one hand, … on the other hand, … I believe we humans can overcome this difficulty and we will have a brighter future.

改革之后,图画作文考的比较多,无论是图画作文还是主题作文,上面的结构是可以通用的,考生可以重点记下图画作文与主题作文的句型。

二、图表作文各段的通用模板:

As is seen from the graph/chart, we can draw a conclusion that the number of …….decreased. Of these, the number of …….decreased the most, from …. in 1985 to ….. in 2000(根据图表写年代). On the contrary, the number of …….increased.

There are numerous reasons accounting for the phenomenon and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. Above all (To begin with), …….. In addition (What is more), ………

In my personal sense, it is imperative for us to take steps to reverse the disturbing trend illustrated in the charts. First and foremost,…….Last but not least,………Owing to +主题, not only can we accumulate wealth, but also establish our career, fit into society and even attain social status.

对于图表作文,考生也要了解并熟悉其结构和句型。我们在准备时一定要充分,不放弃任何一种题型。

四级作文万能模板:

1.2015英语四级作文万能模板

2.英语四级作文万能模板最新

3.2015年12月四级作文预测:关于雾霾

篇4

(1) 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。

1. 有一些人认为。。。

2. 另一些人认为。。。

3. 我的看法。。。

The topic of ①-----------------(主题)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③-------------理由二). Moreover, ④---------------(理由三).

While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥------------------(理由二). Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三).

From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------(我的观点). The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .

(2) 给出一个观点,要求考生反对这一观点

Some people believe that ①----------------(观点一). For example, they think ②-----------------(举例说明).And it will bring them ③-----------------(为他们带来的好处).

In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤-----------------(反对的理由之二).

Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥------------------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).

阐述主题题型

要求从一句话或一个主题出发,按照提纲的要求进行论述。

1.阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义。

2.分析并举例使其更充实。

The good old proverb ----------------(名言或谚语)reminds us that ----------------(释义). Indeed, we can learn many things form it.

First of all,-----------------(理由一). For example, -------------------(举例说明). Secondly,----------------(理由二). Another case is that ---------------(举例说明). Furthermore , ------------------(理由三).

In my opinion, ----------------(我的观点). In short, whatever you do, please remember the say------A. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it. From Joozone.com.

解决方法题型

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径

1.问题现状

2.怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)

In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明A的现状).Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状)

Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一). For another -------------(解决方法二). Finally, --------------(解决方法三).

Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处).

说明利弊题型

这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状,再对比事物本身的利弊,有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发,最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)

1.说明事物现状

2.事物本身的优缺点(或一方面)

3.你对现状(或前景)的看法

Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First ----------------(A的优点之一). Besides -------------------(A的优点之二).

But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------(A的第一个缺点).To make matters worse,------------------(A的第二个缺点).

Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to ---------------(我的看法).

(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, ---------------(对前景的预测).)

议论文的框架

(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.

People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.

As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.

(2)利弊型的议论文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.

Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.

To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.

( 3 ) 答题性议论文 来自作文地带

Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.

As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.

Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.

( 4 ) 谚语警句性议论文

It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )

A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.

With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..

图表作文的框架

as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.

There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.

As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.

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篇5

对比观点题型

(1) 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。

1.有一些人认为……

2.另一些人认为……

3.我的看法……

The topic of ①________(主题)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②________(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③________(理由二). Moreover, ④________(理由三).

While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,________(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥____________(理由二). Thirdly (finally),⑦____________(理由三).

From my point of view, I think ⑧________(我的观点). The reason is that ⑨____________(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .

(2) 给出一个观点,要求考生反对这一观点Some people believe that ①________(观点一). For example, they think ②________(举例说明).And it will bring them ③________(为他们带来的好处).

In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④____(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤____(反对的理由之二). Form all what I have said,I agree to the thought that ⑥____(我对文章所讨论主题的看法). 阐述主题题型

要求从一句话或一个主题出发,按照提纲的要求进行论述.

1. 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义.

2. 分析并举例使其更充实.

The good old proverb ________(名言或谚语)reminds us that ________(释义). Indeed, we can learn many things form it.

First of all,________(理由一). For example, ____________(举例说明).

Secondly,________(理由二). Another case is that ________(举例说明). Furthermore , ____________(理由三).

In my opinion, ________(我的观点). In short, whatever you do, please remember the say____A. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it.

解决方法题型

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径

1. 问题现状

2. 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)

In recent days, we have to face I problem——A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ________(说明A的现状).Second, ________(举例进一步说明现状)

Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ________(解决方法一). For another ________(解决方法二). Finally, ________(解决方法三).

Personally, I believe that ________(我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ________(带来的好处).

四、说明利弊题型

这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状,再对比事物本身的利弊,有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发,最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)

1. 说明事物现状

2. 事物本身的优缺点(或一方面)

3. 你对现状(或前景)的看法

Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First ________(A的优点之一). Besides ____________(A的优点之二).

But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ________(A的第一个缺点).To make matters worse,____________(A的第二个缺点).

Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to ________(我的看法).

(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, ________(对前景的预测

议论文的框架

(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.

A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一

_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.

People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some

people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.

As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.

(2)利弊型的议论文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally

speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.

Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.

To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.

(3)答题性议论文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目

_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.英语四级英译汉的目的,要求和评分

As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.

Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.

(4) 谚语警句性议论文

It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )

A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.

篇6

关键词:认知策略; 元认知策略; 测试表现; TEM4成绩

中图分类号:H319.3 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-3315(2013)09-129-003

一、引言

在英语教学中我们经常会发现,有些学生在语言学习方面的表现要优于其他学生,这些学生背单词、记课文的速度快,似乎不用花太多时间和精力就能轻松地在考试时取得较好的成绩。那么除却天生智力因素的不同,是什么使得这样的差别存在呢?其中之一就是学生对语言学习策略的使用(Dreyer & Oxford, 1996)。根据学习者策略的定义和分类,近年来大量研究调查了策略使用与语言表现间的关系并得出一个普遍结论,即语言学习更成功、成绩更优秀的学生能更频繁和灵活的使用策略(O’Malley 和Chamot,1990;Anderson,1991;Zhang,2010)。Song和Cheng (2006)对中国大学生语言学习策略使用与大学英语四级测试表现间关系的调研显示,中国大学生在语言学习中使用元认知策略比认知策略多,推理是他们最多使用的具体策略,也是对其测试成绩最好的预测指标。基于上述研究,本研究旨在寻找研究对象的元认知策略、认知策略的使用情况及其与英语专业四级测试(TEM4)表现间的关系,以期为TEM4考试的准备提出指导建议。

二、学习策略与语言测试表现

所谓学习策略,简单来说就是学习者帮助自己有效地理解、处理、简易学习所使用的方式方法。O’Malley和Chamot (2001)根据认知理论和信息处理方式将学习策略分为元认知策略、认知策略和社会/情感策略。Oxford (1990)根据策略与语言材料的关系将学习策略分为直接策略和间接策略。Purpura(1997, 1999)定义的认知策略模型包括理解、记忆和检索三个维度,含十个具体变量类别(如分析归纳、联想、重复操练、总结、迁移、推理等),元认知策略模型包括评估一个维度,含四个具体变量类别(如评估环境、监控、自我评价等)。Purpura的策略模型以人类信息处理模式为本,其关于策略使用的调查问卷经过一系列数据分析,如探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析、结构方程模型等,因此Song和Cheng (2006)基于Purpura调查问卷改编的问卷适合本研究背景和对象,用于主要调查研究对象的认知策略和元认知策略使用情况。

英语专业四级测试用于考核英语专业学生运用各项基本技能的能力,也是评估教学质量,推动校际交流的一种手段(2006考试大纲修订本)。提高TEM4考试成绩是很多院校共同努力的目标,但目前存在的问题是我们一味地通过教师授课或让学生大量做题以期达到较好的TEM4成绩,却甚少从学生的二语习得特征,如学习者策略的使用来考虑问题。研究表明,英语学习策略可以解释12%的成绩方差,元认知策略与六级成绩的相关达到显著水平(P

三、研究设计

1.研究对象和工具

本研究的对象为上海外国语大学贤达经济人文学院2010级英语专业二年级学生124名,他们的平均年龄为20岁,学习英语的平均时间为11年,研究对象参加了2012年4月的TEM4考试并于9月取得成绩。

本研究使用的工具为一份调查问卷和研究对象2012年的TEM4测试成绩。调查问卷来自Song和Cheng(2006)基于Purpura(1999)设计的问卷并根据实际研究情况进行了翻译和调整。问卷由三部分组成,第一部分为个人信息,用于了解学生的年龄、学英语时间及用来与TEM4成绩配对的学号;第二部分34道题用于调查研究对象的认知策略使用情况;第三部分30道题用于调查研究对象的元认知策略使用情况。上述两部分都采用1-5级利克特量表计分,分别代表从“从不”(1分)到“总是”(5分),要求学生选择与实际情况相符合的选项。

2.研究问题和数据收集

根据研究目的,将本研究的问题定为:一、研究对象使用学习策略的情况如何?二、学习策略与研究对象在英语专业四级测试中表现间的关系如何?哪种学习策略对英语专业四测试的表现具有预测作用?

问卷于学生参加TEM4前发放,共发出问卷124份,回收124份,由于其中4份问卷的数据缺失超过10%,故有效问卷为120份。学生的TEM4成绩与问卷上的学号配对,并用SPSS17.0进行数据入录和分析。

四、分析和讨论

1.学习者策略使用情况

认知策略和元认知策略在研究对象的英语学习过程中都得到了使用,问卷中64道题的平均值范围在2.28至4.2,标准差值范围在0.855至1.150。绝大部分偏态值在1和-1之间,说明研究对象对于问卷的回答趋向正态分布,因此所有的问卷题目予以保留分析。

通过配对样本T检验可知,学习者使用的认知策略和元认知策略间存在显著差异(Sig.双尾=.000)。学生使用频率最高的5项策略大多为元认知策略(见表1),其中4项为自我评价,反映了研究对象对自己的学习过程和学习结果能进行自我评判和自省;另1项使用较频繁的策略属于认知策略中的自然操练,这与现实情况相符,中国大学生喜欢观看英语类电视节目,如英语电影或电视剧等,以提高自身的听说能力。

表1 研究对象使用频率最高的5个策略

相反,学生使用频率最低的5项策略均为认知策略(见表2),包括总结、迁移、验证和自然操练。其中自然操练含有两项,这反映学生较少收听英语广播节目,理由可能是他们更习惯于通过视频方式汲取相应信息,另一方面,这也显示学生不太有机会与英语国家人士直接交流,他们缺少真实的语言环境,对英语语言和文化的学习造成了一定的影响;总结是学生最少使用的认知策略,说明学生对输入的信息缺少提炼和概括性练习;而学生对迁移策略缺少使用的原因可能是因为其汉语与英语之间的巨大差异,导致他们几乎不肯在这两种语言间找到对应点,毕竟这两种语言属于完全不同的语言系统(王德春,1997)。

表2 研究对象使用频率最低的5个策略

进一步来看,在认知和元认知策略的具体分类中(见表3),策略使用平均值从2.58至3.63不等,其中推理是学生有时/经常使用的策略,而验证是学生很少/有时使用的策略(与表2相符),这说明学生在英语学习中擅长使用推测,如根据上下文猜测词义,但他们却较少愿意把自己的作文给他人看或征询他人的肯定或否定意见,可能这是由于中国学生比较内向的原因,不太愿意向他人展示自己,对自己的学习表现不愿主动寻求结果。

表3 各具体策略分类描述性统计

2.学习者策略使用与英语专业四级测试表现

经过相关分析可知,学生使用的大部分学习策略,都与英语专业四级测试的表现具有一定相关性,但他们的皮尔逊相关系数绝对值范围为.232至.403,呈低相关,说明学习策略的使用与学生TEM4成的关系并非十分密切。

进一步的多元回归分析表明重复操练,验证和自我评价对TEM4表现具有预测作用(见表4),且预测作用较明显。重复操练策略的R2决定系数为.163,说明重复操练能解释TEM4成绩16.3%的方差,是能最好预测TEM4成绩的认知策略。此外,重复操练和验证能联合解释TEM4成绩20%的方差;重复操练,验证和自我评价能联合解释TEM4成绩23.4%的方差。非标准化系数B反映重复操练和自我评价策略使用每提高1个分值,TEM4成绩则能分别提高4.606分和4.106分,但验证策略使用每提高1个分值,TEM4成绩则会下降3.197分。表4中的t值都大于2或小于-2,进一步证明这三种学习策略对TEM4成绩是有用的预测变量

表4多元回归分析:重复操练,验证和自我评价对TEM4表现的预测

a.因变量:TEM4成绩

以上数据分析告诉我们研究对象在英语学习中使用的策略并不是都能对TEM4表现起到预测作用,有些策略对语言学习表现有积极明显的影响,有些却无明显效果,这一结论与相关领域内的其他研究结果相似(Song & Cheng,2006;Wen & Johnson,1997)。在这些策略中,重复操练这一认知策略,如反复读单词,反复模仿发音或英语句型,及自我评价这一元认知策略,如撰写提纲,自我反省语法知识、发音情况或反思学习方法等对学生的测试表现具有较好的正预测作用;相反,验证策略对学生的测试表现却具有负预测作用。

五、结论

本研究对学习者策略使用情况与其TEM4测试间表现的关系做了研究,通过T检验、相关分析和多元回归分析得出一系列结果。结果发现学生在英语学习过程中对认知策略和元认知策略都有使用,且元认知策略的使用频率更高;其次,学习策略的使用频率高低并不能与明显预测TEM4成绩的策略一致,学生擅长使用推理策略却很少使用验证策略,但验证策略却能较明显地预测语言学习表现。有鉴于此,在今后的英语教学和专业四级准备过程中,我们要坚持督促学生进行重复操练性的语言口头和笔头训练,并在学生具有相当自我学习批判和反省意识的前提下,着重培养学生的认知策略,尤其是他们对输入信息的批判性思维和概括提炼能力,尽可能地为他们提供与英语国家人士交流,给予接触原版资料读物的机会,并引导他们在收看英语视频节目的同时多收听音频节目,从而提高他们在没有画面帮助下的语言反应能力。另外,我们也需要多鼓励学生在他人面前展现自己的语言能力和学习成果,让他们意识到语言学习上的互相探讨和帮助对学习表现的促进作用,以期能让验证策略对TEM4成绩形成正面的预测。当然,因为本研究的样本较小,研究工具仅限于使用问卷调查研究学习策略与TEM4一种测试表现间的关系,因此得到的反馈信息有限;同时,由于能较好地预测TEM4成绩的策略仅能解释小部分测试成绩的方差,所以还存在很多其他变量和研究方法让我们去探索学习者策略与语言测试表现间的关系。

参考文献:

[1]Dreyer,C.and Oxford,R.L.1996.‘Learning strategies and other predictors of ESL proficiency among Afrikaans in South Africa’,in R.L. Oxford(ed.).Language Learning Strategies around the World: Cross-cultural Perspectives. Honolulu:University of Hawaii,Second Language Teaching and CurriculumCenter

[2]O’Malley,J.M.andA.U.Chamot.2001.Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.Oxford,R.L.1990.Language Learning Strategies:What Every Teacher Should Know[M].NY:Newbury House/Harper Collins

[3]Purpura,J.M.1997。‘An analysis of the elationships between test takers’ cognitive and metacognitive strategy use and second language test performance’[J].Language Testing 20: 26-56

[4]Purpura,J.M.1999.Learner Strategy Use行and Performance on Language Tests: A StructuralEquation Modeling Approach[M].Cambridge,England: Cambridge University Press

[5]Song Xiaomei and Liying Cheng. 2006.‘Language Learner Strategy Use and Test Performance of Chinese Learners of English’[J]. Language Assessment Quarterly 3(3): 243-266

[6]Wen,Q.& Johnson,R.1997.‘L2 learner variables and English achievement: A study of tertiary-level English majors in China’[J].Applied Linguistics 18:27-48

[7]陈红锐等.英语学习策略与大学英语六级考试成绩的关系, 中国大学英语教学论丛[C].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999

篇7

关键词: 英语测试 “Compound Dictation” 解题之法

“Compound Dictation”这一题型,在英语测试中,应该说是有一定难度的。在国家级考试全国大学英语四、六级考试(CET-4/6)中,作为听力测试部分的一个小项,表面上看来纯粹是考查学生听的能力,其实并不这么简单。全国大学英语四级统考于1997年6月首次采用了“复合式听写”这一题型。该类题型通常是在一个段落中留出十个空格,前七个空格要求考生在听懂原文的基础上,写下所听到的单词;后三个空格则要求考生根据所听到的内容,可以用原句也可以在听懂的基础上用自己的语言来表达。这种题型,对学生的能力要求其实比像Short Conversations,Long Conversations等纯粹听力选择题的要求要高得多,因为Short Conversations,Long Conversations等一般只要听明白大意即可。而对于“复合式听写”,首先,考生要能听得出辨别得出这是个什么词,比如,是quality还是quantity;然后,还要一个字母不差地、按顺序完整地写出该词,才能算正确,才能够得分。要在这一项上取得较高成绩,其实是不太容易的。由此可知,该题型更强调语言综合运用能力。所以,考生不仅要具有良好的听的能力,还应具有较强的拼写能力、记笔记能力和书面表达能力。听的能力是“复合式听写”的基础,因此,在较大程度上,它是听力理解能力、书写能力、记笔记能力和书面表达能力的综合考核。

平时教学中,时常有学生问怎样才能有效解答此类试题。大多数老师只是回答说,打好基础,多听多练。话固然是很有道理,只是太过笼统,对于学生来说,起不到什么实质性的帮助作用。那么考试中,究竟如何才能解答好这一题型,以获得理想的成绩呢?针对此新题型的解答,笔者在教学实践中,经过认真的研究分析,总结出几点,按听前、听时、听后三个步骤归纳如下:

第一,听前。

这里主要是要求考生要做好两个方面的准备。

1.平时要打好基本功,多多练习。

学习任何一门语言,要想掌握得更熟练、更透彻,多多练习是必不可少的一个环节。对于学习语言,笔者一直强调,掌握词汇是最基本、最关键的。而掌握词汇,能够标准地发音和能够正确地拼写出来,是最基本的、也是非常重要的。若学习者的单词发音不标准或者说不准确,那么,不但自己说的英语别人听不懂,而且别人说的英语自己也搞不明白。这样,虽然说的是同一种语言,而实际上就是鸡同鸭讲。掌握再多的词汇,又如何能更好地交流?若单词记不住记不牢,不能正确拼写出来,翻译译不出,作文写不来,又如何能够获得理想的成绩?听写是一种有效的综合性测试,可以考查学生的词汇量、拼写、句法、听力、理解、记笔记和一定的书面表达等多方面的要素和技能。实际上,听写成绩好坏与许多其他技能能否有效利用的关系很大。笔者相信,全面打好语言基本功是提高听写能力的重要途径,“但听写训练具有自身的科学性和技巧性,多练巧练则定可取得事半功倍的成效”。

2.做好考前的心理准备。

首先,要有信心。笔者认为,只要掌握一定的英语知识,并且对自己充满信心,是完全能够在这一题上获得较为理想的成绩的。在作为国家级的统一考试全国大学英语四、六级考试中,这一题所需要写出的单词,绝不会是某些生僻词,也绝不会是某些超出教学大纲要求的词。也就是说,这些所考之词,肯定都是考生以前见过的,都应当在掌握之列。这一点,毋庸置疑。以前在教学课堂上,几乎每次课上到这一环节,总有个别学生留有几个空白在那儿,甚至有的学生干脆一词不写,说是看不见或是反正听不懂诸如此类的话,想搪塞过去。课后跟这些学生交流后发现,这完全是他们对这一题型缺乏信心所致。其次,要心境平和。在任何考试来临前,考生都应该把心态调整好,使自己静下心来,不要紧张。因为紧张根本不会对考试起到任何的促进作用,而只会影响自己水平的发挥,影响最终的成绩。

第二,听时。

该题一般会让听三遍。听的过程中,考生在具备一定英语语言知识基础之上,还要善于利用一定的解题技巧、解题方法。这里,要注意以下几点:

1.在播放该题的Directions部分时,快速浏览现有的材料,对所听的短文有一个大致的了解,力争整体上把握其篇章大意。虽然复合式听写较一般听写难度大,但它的出题形式给考生提供了大量可供参考的信息。在紧张的做题过程中,考生完全可以利用听音前的一点时间来事先阅读文字材料,以对大意有个粗略的认识。还可根据空格前后的材料,去推测将要填入单词的词性、时态、语态、单复数等;也可根据上下文的句法及逻辑关系预测相关信息。然后结合第一遍放音来完成对全文的理解。在Directions部分快要结束的时候,要及时将注意力转回文章开头,做好听写准备。

2.听第一遍录音时,要在重点理解全文的基础上,尽可能地记点什么。但要注意,不能因为急于填出一空,而将后面的部分错过。由于听音前考生已阅览了卷面文字,对听力材料有了大致的了解,因此听第一遍时,考生可以适当地填写些单词和做些笔记,听为主,记为辅。要做好“复合式听写”,考生需多多实践,获取较强的边听边记能力。所以,正确的做法一般是:一边听录音,一边看文字材料,重点在空格部分,力争听懂空格处是一个短语还是一个句子,“为第二遍听录音、写内容打好基础”。听音贯穿着期待、预知、分析、综合、推理和判断等一系列过程,考生应同时快速记下几个关键词,而在记笔记时,又要能有效、专注地去听,以获取信息理解全文。

3.第二遍的朗读有短暂停顿,考生要充分利用这点有限的时间,快速准确地按要求完成填空。听第二遍录音时,考生应利用空格后的停顿时间,以最快的速度记录空格内的词句。此时,切不可掉以轻心,要仔细,拼写要尽量正确,句子语言表达要尽可能完整。如果没写完整,就先暂时放弃,以免影响听下一个空格的内容,等听最后一遍即听第三遍时进行校对。当然,听写时还要注意,不要孤立地听某个空格的词语,应把注意力集中在每个句子、段落及篇章上,免得因错误的理解而造成填写有误。另外,填空时,碰到较长的单词来不及写完或拿不准拼写时,可先用几个字母代替或用适当的记号标示,等听音结束后再来补充。注意,既要写得快又要写得好,要学会利用缩写、简写、代号等表达方式。字母较多的单词,可只写该词前几个字母。如,可用esp代especially,sth代something,apprec代appreciation等。没有缩略语的词汇,如字母较少的单词,可完整写出该词,如gift,take等。这里的基本要求是快速、省时,并能表达含义。缩略语不一定要求规范,甚至可用些符号,所记内容不一定要求完整,只要能起到提示的作用,自己能看懂就行了。

4.后三格填空若句子太长,最好等听完空格的所有内容,再在理解的基础上进行概括。然后将其整理好,按要求填在答题纸上相应的地方。

第三,听后检查。

检查、核对是任何考试中都必不可少的环节。英语“复合式听写”这类题型,一般是听三遍。第三遍朗读的本意就是供考生进行检查、核对。所以此时,一定要进行查漏、改错;补全组句,填好所有的空格。考生应抓住时机弥补前两遍听音时所忽略或遗漏的内容,进一步修改和完善自己的答案。如果听两遍就能写出该词的,第三遍录音就很好地提供了一次检查修改的机会。对于已听完三遍没有再听机会的来进行检查、核对的,还可通过以下两种途径来检查。

1.从意思上检查。在确定该空所填之词后,再看看该词所在之句的整句话意思能否讲得通。若讲不通,再想想其它的一些与该所填的词形似的词,比如,把该词里的某个字母换一个试试。若整句话意思通顺,则在此层面上的检查暂且通过。

2.从语法角度检查。检查时应注意:(1)单词拼写字母要按顺序写出且不能漏掉,一定要确保正确。(2)单词的字母大小写不容忽视。(3)不要出现时态、语态等错误。也就是说,空格处需要填写动词的,还要考虑其需不需要作时态或是语态上的变化,即是过去时还是现在进行时,或者是主动语态还是被动语态等。已经发现,在动词上错得较多尤其是完成时态。动词有可能是一个过去分词形式,因为过去分词可能会读得很轻,不易听出来,但这可以根据上下文的语法知识判断出来。(4)不要出现名词单复数错误。名词的单复数表达有可能会在听音中听不出来,但是检查卷面时一定要弄准确了,即使没听出来,也可根据上下文,坚持主谓一致原则。(5)所有格知识。如:the world’s largest island(世界上最大的岛屿),这个根据语法知识就能够判断出来。

另外,检查时还需注意,所填的空缺词与所提供的文字材料在逻辑关系等方面是否一致。比如,你所确定的词的词性与该空格所需的词的词性是否相符。这个意思就是说,所考查的词在具体语境中,词性是确定的(即是名词、动词、形容词还是介词或者副词等)。