医学遗传学笔记范文
时间:2023-11-14 17:36:31
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篇1
一、材料与方法
教师方面的调查以座谈会方式进行,参加座谈教师10人,7人为有10年以上上大课经验的教授及副教授;3人为讲师,主要是带实习。全部教师均用多媒体形式进行教学,学期课时20小时以上。座谈的内容,包括多媒体教学对授课内容的贯彻是否全面,上课演讲难易度,示教效果,备课所需时间及效果等。学生调查形式为问卷调查。接受问卷调查的学生为94级医学影像专业学生,28人。在接受多媒体教学之前,这些学生已经通过传统教学方法上完了放射诊断学中的呼吸、循环、头颅五官系统。消化、泌尿、骨关节系统则采用多媒体教学。
二、结果
1、全部教师认为与传统教学方法对比,多媒体教材信息量大,图文并茂。所包括内容完全满足教学大纲的要求。课前准备所花时间少,借助电脑优势,相当于在课前把所需要贯彻的内容首先输入电脑。
2、上课时演讲方便,轻松自如,生动,得心应手,易于讲深讲透。
3、避免了过去上课中由于记忆不深可能出现讲漏或少讲的情况。
4、有时因工作需要,教学中可能临时需要更换教师,因为教研室有同一的多媒体教材,替换上的教师稍加备课也能掌握授课内容与进度,保证授课内容的前后衔接,承上启下。
5、多媒体教学已不需要板书,减少了传统的烦琐和不卫生的黑板书写教学工作
6、学生调查结果见表。
教学效果调查表
课堂生动 图文清晰 笔记易记 易理解 课后不必复习 课后稍复习即可记忆 多媒多媒体教学 68%
100%
43%
64%
20%
60%传统教学
32%
18%
67%
36%
5%
50%
转贴于
三、讨论
1、多媒体教材代替了传统的讲义。多媒体教材由有丰富教学经验副高以上职称的教师编写脚本,根据教学大纲以统一的格式编写每一次课的脚本,并将丰富的教学经验及教学技巧融入多媒体教材。编成的多媒体脚本通过Powerpoint的形式制作成多媒体演示稿,并储存于电脑。便于保存、修改及重复使用。教师上课前通过提供的多媒体教材进行备课,改变了过去备课时写教案背教案的教学准备方法,也可根据自已的教学习惯和当时需要进行教材的修改、补充,添加新的知识。在教学中,即使不同的教师讲课,也可能获得到相同的教学效果。
2、灵活的多媒体演示使老师讲课得心应手。作为医学影像学主要课程的放射诊断学,传统的医学影像学一般通过老师黑板、挂图、影像图像演示、语言讲解来进行。尽管教师想方设法在语言描述、画图,幻灯片制作等方面作了很大改进,但常常感到“影像影像,有影不象”,学起来枯燥无味,影响教学效果。多媒体教材将教学内容提纲、重点制成幻灯片,结合图像信息库中大量图像,配上背景图案、声音、动态效果,进一步扩大表现手段。通过大屏幕多媒体投影仪同步演示,书本上的知识就具体、准确、形象的展示在学生面前。教师在教学演示中,根据内容需要随时调动多媒体资料,如需要图像演示,可调出储存在电脑硬盘、光盘中的各种图像,需要进行血管造影、胃肠道造影演示可通过多媒体系统调出录象、VCD的有关资料,需要演示实物标本,书本资料,可通过实物投影来完成。教师在整个课堂中轻松自如,理论联系实际,动静结合地进行讲解和演示,讲得生动活泼,得心应手,取得应有的教学效果。
篇2
【关键词】 脉搏波传导速度; 踝臂指数; 冠状动脉慢血流
随着医学的进步,冠状动脉造影检查的普及,冠状动脉(下称冠脉)慢血流现象的病例逐渐增多,目前为止对其发病机制及治疗仍是盲区。冠脉慢血流现象(CSFP)是指冠脉造影未发现冠脉病变而远端血流灌注延迟的现象。此现象于1972年被首次报道,近年来随着冠脉造影技术的普及,检出率约为1%~4%[1-2],但也有观察发现在疑似心血管病患者冠脉造影中的检出率高达7%。慢血流现象并非粥样硬化性管腔狭窄而限制血液流动,可能是缺血性心脏病一种新的发病机制,其能否作为冠状动脉粥样硬化的早期表现,目前尚无确切的定论。基于此笔者对冠脉造影显示慢血流的患者进行动脉硬化的相关指标检测,从而了解其相关性,并进而为临床采取干预措施提供依据。本研究通过对85例冠状动脉造影显示慢血流及血管正常患者进行PWV、ABI的测定,以探讨两者的变化与冠脉慢血流的关系,现报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取2009年3月-2011年3月于本院心内科疑诊冠心病的患者110例,男85例,女25例;年龄19~56岁,平均(55±5)岁。冠脉造影检测患者血流,按结果分组:慢血流者30例(慢血流组),男25例,女5例;年龄19~54岁,平均(40.32±12.11)岁;均有心绞痛症状,症状持续时间由数分钟到10 min不等,含服硝酸甘油可缓解;12例有高血压病史,8例有糖尿病,5例有高脂血症,13例有吸烟史,5例有冠心病家族史。冠脉正常者55例(血流正常组),男35例,女20例;年龄25~56岁,平均(50.02±11.00)岁;均有胸痛发作,但不典型,含服硝酸甘油无效;8例有高血压病史,7例有高脂血症,2例有糖尿病,4例吸烟。余25例无冠心病。
1.2 研究方法 对造影结果显示慢血流及正常的患者进行早期动脉粥样硬化指标检测。动脉粥样硬化指标采用脉搏波水平(PWV)、踝臂指数(ABI),该指标通过应用日本克林公司生产的全自动动脉硬化检测仪VP-1000对患者进行PWV、ABI测量,PWV测量:取左右两侧的PWV均值、ABI的低值进行分析。PWV>1400 cm/s、ABI
1.3 判定冠脉慢血流的标准 采用心动周期法判断慢血流[2]:正常冠脉三支血管造影剂排空速度应在2个心动周期内完全排空,据TiMi分级,冠脉内血流速度分为0、1、2、3级,冠脉内血流为TiMi2级或以下为慢血流SCF。
1.4 统计学处理 采用SPSS 11.0及PPMS 1.5统计学软件对数据进行处理,计量资料以(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验,计数资料采用 字2检验,以P
2 结果
与血管正常组比较,慢血流组PWV值升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),见表1。
表1 两组ABI及PWV比较(x±s)
组别 ABI PWV(cm/s)
慢血流组(n=30) 1.02±0.15 1596.68±352.88
血管正常组(n=55) 1.12±0.13 1424.97±307.40
P值 >0.05
3 讨论
冠状动脉血流速度减慢多见于严重的冠状动脉狭窄、溶栓治疗后、冠状动脉成形术后、冠状动脉内气体栓塞、冠状动脉痉挛、冠状动脉扩张、心肌病等。除上述因素外,冠状动脉造影中冠状动脉未见明显狭窄,而远端血流灌注延迟的现象即为冠脉慢血流现象。
目前冠脉慢血流的现象随着冠脉造影的普及而逐增,冠状动脉慢血流是一种重要的临床综合征,可致静息与运动心绞痛,患者会反复出现临床症状,但预后较好,但亦有导致急性冠脉综合征甚至心肌梗死的报道,男性多见。更有最新研究将冠状动脉慢血流现象视为一种新的冠状动脉综合征[3]。故目前对慢血流现象是否能导致冠脉循环障碍、心肌缺血,与临床表现有无直接关系尚不十分清楚。此现象的病理机制目前亦不明确,传统上认为是微血管功能失调,有学者认为与血管内皮代谢异常有关,也有学者认为慢血流是冠状动脉硬化的早期阶段,即冠脉慢血流为早期动脉粥样硬化的一种表现形式。Pekdemir等[4]通过血管内超声和压力导丝测定冠状动脉血流储备分数评价慢血流的机制,慢血流患者FFR低于正常组,同时IVUS发现冠状动脉弥漫钙化内膜增厚(非狭窄性粥样硬化改变),因此慢血流可能是弥漫动脉粥样硬化的标志。Avsar等[5]发现慢血流和颈动脉中层增厚强相关,认为慢血流可能是动脉粥样硬化的早期标志,对慢血流患者应长期随访。有学者认为有冠状动脉慢血流现象的患者大多为男性,多数有吸烟史[5]。但真正的原因目前尚缺乏详细有力的研究。本研究对冠脉造影显示慢血流者及正常的患者进行早期动脉硬化指标PWV、ABI的检测,并进行对比研究,从而了解慢血流与动脉粥样硬化的相关性。
动脉粥样硬化对冠心病的发生、发展起着重要作用,是各种心血管事件发生、发展的基础,动脉僵硬度的改变早于结构改变发生,作为评估动脉僵硬度的一个指标,PWV的作用日益受到重视,PWV被认为是能准确反映动脉粥样硬化程度的早期指标[6]。PWV为脉搏波在动脉的传导速度,由于动脉弹性减低,脉搏波在动脉系统的传播速度加快,被广泛用来作为评估动脉僵硬度的一个指标。临床通常检测颈动脉-股动脉PWV、肱动脉-踝动脉PWV。本文检测指标为肱动脉-踝动脉PWV。PWV可以良好地反映大动脉的扩张性,PWV越快,动脉的扩张性越差,僵硬度越高,弹性越差。当动脉弥漫性硬化时,弹性降低,僵硬度增加,相应表现为PWV的异常。Amar等[7]研究表明,PWV升高与心血管疾病的发生具有显著相关性。Yamashina等[8]研究提示PWV增加与冠状动脉粥样硬化程度呈正相关。PWV是冠状动脉病变的独立的强预测因子[9]。随着对动脉粥样硬化研究深入,另一种反映动脉粥样硬化的指标(ABI)逐渐被临床重视,研究发现ABI与大动脉弹性、动脉粥样硬化狭窄的程度有良好相关性。ABI,即踝部动脉收缩压与双侧肱动脉收缩压的最高值之比,最初用于诊断下肢动脉疾病,但近年来国外有关ABI的多项大规模临床试验显示,ABI不仅是测量和筛查下肢外周动脉疾病(PAD)的一种准确、无创的手段,而且还可作为冠状动脉粥样硬化程度和心血管事件发生的预测指标。更是中老年PAD患者发生心血管事件的强有力的预测因子[10-12]。
本文结果表明,冠脉慢血流组与血管正常组相比,ABI稍低,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而其PWV明显高于血管正常组,差异有统计学意义(P
综上所述,对于临床疑诊冠心病经冠脉造影显示慢血流的患者,可以应用PWV和ABI综合评估动脉硬化的程度,尤其不具备血管内超声压力导丝测定冠状动脉血流储备分数的条件时,使患者及时了解自己的血管状况,尽早给予防治,对于该类患者发生发展及预后致关重要。
参考文献
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[2]吕树铮,陈韵岱.冠脉介入诊治技巧及器械选择[M].第2版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2006:35-36.
[3]李建军.冠状动脉的慢血流现象应视为一种新的冠状动脉综合症[J].中华心血管病杂志,2011,39(7):12-13.
[4] Pekdemir H,Cicek D,Camsari A,et al.Slow coronary flow may be a sign of dif fuse athersclerosis. contribut ion of FFR and IVUS[J].Act A Cardiol,2004,59(11):127-133.
[5] Avsar O,Demir I,Ekiz O,et al.Relat ionship betw een the slow coronary flow and carot id artery intima- media thickness [J].Anadolu Kardiyol Derg,2007,7(1):19-23.
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[9] Meaume S,Benetos A,Henry O F.Aortic pulsewave velocity pre-diets cardio-vascular mortality in subjects > 70 years of age[J].Aterioscler Thromb VaseBiol,2001,21(12):2046-2050.
[10] Zheng Z J,Sharrett A R,Chambless L E,et al.Associations of ankle-brachial index with clinical coronary heart disease, stroke and preclinical carotid and popliteal atherosclerosis: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study[J].Atherosclerosis,1997,131(15):115-125.
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篇3
关键词:螺旋进度教学法;计算机教育;高等中医院校
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-5304.2014.08.041
中图分类号:R2-04 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-5304(2014)08-0121-02
Comparative Analysis of Spiral Progress Teaching Method and Traditional Teaching Method in Computer Teaching in TCM Colleges and Universities ZHAI Xing, SHEN Jun-hui, CHEN Guo-yong (Information Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China)
Abstract:Objective To analyze the different effects of spiral progress method and traditional method used in computer teaching in TCM colleges and universities. Methods Students were divided into the groups of spiral and traditional. At the end of the course, students would have a course examination. Results Students in spiral group got better scores than students in traditional group (P
Key words:spiral progress teaching method;computer teaching;TCM colleges and universities
计算机教育是高等中医药教育体系中的重要组成部分,也是实现中医药信息化以及提高学生基本素质、培养学生将计算机知识应用于中医药学习和研究的重要途径。《计算机基础》是学习计算机知识的入
基金项目:北京中医药大学教育科研课题(XJY12048)
门课程,对其掌握的好坏直接影响到其他计算机课程的学习,但目前该课程的教学存在一些问题,如授课内容繁杂、知识点琐碎,以及上机实验内容多以知识点的验证为主,缺乏实际应用。为此,笔者将螺旋进度教学法用于该课程的教学实践,并与传统教学法进行比较,现总结如下。
本次教学试验表明,PBL符合培养具有创新能力的药学专业人才的要求,有利于让学生有效接触教科书内外的知识,增强自主学习意识、提升自学能力,释放了传统学习中机械记忆的压力,能充分思考和应用自己的智慧。但本次采用PBL时,与计划学时数产生了矛盾。因此,我们在后续教学中将尽可能在讲授一些重点、难点内容时,适当采用PBL与传统教学模式相结合的方法。
参考文献:
[1] 姜萍,杨振宁,商庆新,等.PBL教学模式在高等医学教学改革中的应用分析[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2005,12(3):104-105.
[2] 张兆旺.中药药剂学[M].2版.北京:中国中医药出版社,2007.
(收稿日期:2013-08-12;编辑:梅智胜)
1 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
选取北京中医药大学2012级中药03班和04班学生,各47名,03班为螺旋进度教学法组(以下简称“螺旋组”),04班为传统教学法组(以下简称“传统组”),2组学生年龄、性别、入学成绩差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),均使用《Access2010中医药数据库实例教程》[1]教材,任课老师相同。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 教学方法 传统组按教材章节顺序进行常规讲解,螺旋组则将教材所有章节的知识点按难易程度划分为初级和高级2个阶段进行学习,不同之处见表1。2组上课方式均为机房上课、每人1台电脑,考核成绩计算以(理论成绩×60%)+(项目成绩×40%)。
表1 教学方法2组比较
教学方法 螺旋组 传统组
知识点划分 将每章的知识点分为“容易”和
“较难”2个层次,分别通过2个
阶段来讲解 按教材章节原有的知识点顺序讲解
多媒体运用 Blackboard教学平台 PPT
项目实战 分两个阶段做同一个项目,第一阶
段实现项目的基本功能,第二阶段
对第一阶段的项目进行升级改造 按章节做项目,每章学完后,利用该章节所学知识点完成项目的一个模块
1.2.2 评价方法 本学期教学任务完后对2组学生进行考核并发放问卷,进行不记名调查,内容为其对所在组教学方法学习兴趣、必要性和学习效果评价。
1.3 统计学方法
采用SPSS17.0统计软件进行分析,组间比较采用t检验,P
2 结果
2.1 考试成绩
螺旋组平均考试成绩为(79.02±6.79)分,传统组为(73.45±6.42)分,2组比较差异有统计学意义(t=-4.086,P
2.2 问卷调查
共发放问卷94份,回收有效问卷94份,有效回收率为100%。2组教学效果比较见图1。可见,螺旋组在掌握基础知识、提高学习兴趣、提高实践能力、提高自学能力及对教学方法满意度方面均优于传统组,而在提高团队协作能力方面2组差别不大,这可能是由于2组在教学中都采用了项目教学法。另外,对螺旋组学生单独进行了2项问卷调查:对教学方法的兴趣程度调查结果显示,感兴趣的学生有40名(85%),表明大多数学生乐意接受螺旋进度教学法;对将螺旋进度教学法引入《计算机基础》课堂必要性的调查显示,43名(92%)学生认为“有必要”,说明绝大多数学生对螺旋进度教学法在《计算机基础》课程中的应用表示认可。
图1 2组教学方法效果比较
3 讨论
篇4
为了比较急性单核细胞白血病M5a和M5b细胞遗传学差异,并研究其与临床行为之间的相互关系,采用骨髓直接法和24小时短期培养法制备染色体标本,用G显带技术对58例成人初发急性单核白血病细胞进行核型分析,同时对其临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果表明: 58例患者中正常核型28例,异常核型30例,其中正常核型在M5b中出现率高于M5a(P=0.0001),异常核型中11q23异常和+8染色体在M5a中均较M5b常见(P
【关键词】 急性单核细胞白血病; AML-M5a; AML-M5b; 细胞遗传学
Comparison of Cytogenetics and Clinical Manifestations between M5a and M5b of Acute Monocytic Leukemia
Abstract To compare the cytogenetic difference between M5a and M5b of acute monocytic leukemia and to study the correlation between karyotypes and clinical manifestations,a total of 58 cases of de novo adult AML M5 have been investigated. Chromosome metaphases of bone marrow cells were prepared by using direct method and 24 hours short-term culture. The karyotypes were analyzed by G-banding. Meanwhile,clinical information of these cases were studied retrospectively. The results showed that there were 28 with normal karyotype and 30 with aberrant karyotype in 58 cases. The frequency of normal karyotype in patients with M5b was significantly higher than that in patients with M5a(P=0.0001). The 11q23 aberrations and trisomy 8 were more common in patients with M5a in comparison with patients with M5b(P
Key words acute monocytic leukemia; AML-M5a; AML-M5b; cytogenetics
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) can be classified by FAB system into different groups based on cellular morphology and cytochemistry staining of bone marrow cells. According to the differentiation stage of monocytic cells,acute monocytic leukemia (AML-M5) consists of two groups: M5a,the percentage of monoblasts is ≥80%; M5b,the majority of monocytic cells are promonocytes (blasts <80%)[1]. In addition,hematological malignancies can be classified as lymphocytic,myeloid,histocytic and mastocytic series based on the origin of malignant cells by the WHO. Each group is determined by morphology,cytogenetics and clinical characteristics. However,these two classification systems cannot be used to differentiate the cytogenetic characteristics and clinical manifestations between patients with M5a and M5b. In the present study,we investigated 58 newly diagnosed AML M5 patients in order to better characterize the cytogenetic changes and clinical manifestations of these patients for more accurate classification and understanding of the pathogene-sis of the disease,which could lead to the development of a novel therapeutic strategy.
Materials and Methods
Patients
During the period from January 2000 to June 2004,58 patients were newly diagnosed with AML M5 in the department of Hematology of Union Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Wuhan). The clinical records and laboratory test reports of these cases were reviewed. The clinical diagnosis was made based on the clinical symptoms,peripheral blood counts,bone marrow examination. 26 out of the 58 patients were classified as M5a and 32 as M5b. There were 12 males and 14 females of AML M5a patients,aged from 18 to 59 with a median age of 39.5,while 20 males and 12 females of AML M5b patients aged between 28 to 66 with a median age of 48.
Cytogenetic analysis
2-3 mls of heparinized bone marrow from patients were cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum and 20 U/ml heparin. The cell density was adjusted to 1×106/ml. The samples were incubated at 37℃ for 24 hours,then treated by colchicines with the final concentration of 0.05 μg/ml for another 42 minutes. Standard cytogenetic preparation was made; a modified chromosome banding technique (G-banding) was used. For chromosome analysis at least 30-50 metaphase chromosomes should be counted in each sample,and 10 metaphase chromosomes were analyzed by microscopy or micro photography. Karyotypes were analyzed according to the International System for Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN. 1995).
Protocols
All patients were treated with regimens as follows: (1)DA (daunorubicin 45 mg/m2 per day by intravenous infusion (iv),day 1 to 3,plus cytarabine 100-200 mg/m2 per day by intramuscular injection (im) day 1 to 7); (2)HA (homoharringtonine 2-3 mg/m2 by iv per day,day 1 to 3,plus cytarabine 100-200 mg/m2 per day by im,day 1 to 7); (3)IA (idarubicin 10 mg/m2 per day by iv,day 1 to 3,plus cytarabine 100-200 mg/m2 per day by im day 1 to 7); (4)MEA (mitoxantrone 8-12 mg/m2 per day,day 1 to 3,plus etoposide 100 mg/m2 per day by iv drip,day 4 to 5,plus cytarabine 100-200 mg/m2 per day by im,day 1 to 5). Subsequently,some patients received strengthening chemotherapy with cytarabine 1.5 g/m2 twice a day for 6 days,while patients older than 70 years received the same therapy for only 3 days. Out of the 58 patients,two underwent human leukocyte antigen-matched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and one underwent peripheral blood stem cell transplantation after the diseases went into complete remission.
Definition of response
Complete remission was defined in each protocol as absence of leukemia in the bone marrow indicated by less than 5% blasts,recovery of normal peripheral blood cell counts as indicated by absolute neutrophil count≥1.5×109/L,and platelet count≥100×109/L,and absence of extramedullary leukemia.
Statistical analysis
Clinical and cytogenetic characteristics of AML M5a patients were compared with that of AML M5b patients using χ2 test.
Results
Cytogenetic analysis
Out of 58 patients,28 (48.3%) had normal karyotypes,the frequency of which was significantly higher in the patients with AML M5b (85.7%,n=24) than that in the patients with AML M5a (14.3%,n=4)(P
Clinical characteristics
Out of all the patients,abnormally high white blood cell counts (≥50×109/L) were detected in 27 patients (M5a vs M5b∶ 14 vs 13); hepatosplenomegaly was observed in 22 patients (M5a vs M5b∶11 vs 11); extramedullary disease in the skin was found in 16 patients (M5a vs M5b∶9 vs 7),enlargement of lymph nodes in 20 patients. 15 patients had central nervous system leukemia (M5a vs M5b∶9 vs 6); 14 patients had the disseminated intravascular coagulation (M5a vs M5b∶8 vs6).
The complete remission rate was 42.3% (n=11) for patients with M5a,56.3% (n=18) for patients with M5b,and 50% (n=29) for all AML M5 patients. The percentage of the one-year disease-free survival(DFS)in patients with AML M5a was 26.9% (n=7),while it was 34.4% (n=11) in patients with AML M5b. The clinical characteristics between the two subtypes were not significantly different (P>0.05). These results are listed in Table 2.Table 1. Cytogenetic data for patients with AML M5 subtypes(略)Table 2. Clinical characteristics of AML M5 patients with various karyotypes(略)
Discussion
Specific non-random chromosomal abnormalities are often observed in certain subtypes of hematologic malignancy. More aberrant cytogenetics has been discovered in patients with AML M5 after
initially finding of t(9;11) (p21;q23) in M5a patient by Berger[2] in 1980. Haferlach et al[3]considered that 11q23 aberration and trisomy 8 were significantly associated with AML-M5. Tkachuk et al[4] found that 11q23 abnormalities are involved in the MLL gene (or named “ALL1” or “HRX”),spanning 90 kb of cDNA and encoding a 3968-amino acid protein with molecular mass about 430 kD. The wild-type MLL protein has three AT-hook DNA binding domains and multiple zinc finger domains. MLL gene-encoded product as a transcription factor then may bind with the genes regulating body development and cell differentiation[5]. The gene rearrangements of MLL such as 11q23 translocation alter its structure and function and may lead to leukemogenesis.
Meanwhile,the trisomy 8 is a chromosome abnormality. Although the inducing mechanism and the biologic role of the trisomy 8 are unknown,the relationship between the trisomy 8 and monocytic malignancy has been suggested [6]. The occurrence of trisomy 8 may enhance the expression of genes,leading to the development of leukemias. In this study,the incidence of “normal karyotypes” was higher in patients with M5b than that in patients with M5a (P
The clinical characteristics of patients with AML M5 included extramedullary infiltration with high WBC counts,low complete remission rate and short disease-free survival (DFS). In our study,no significant difference was found regarding those characteristics between the two subtypes,in agreement with the results from the study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) on 81 patients with AML M5[1].
Meantime,Schoch et al[7] analyzed 1 897 AML cases with 11q23 abnormalities,and found that the patients with 11q23 deletion/translocation/inversion were often slightly younger and had high WBC counts,hepatosplenomegaly,central nervous system involvement,low complete remission and short DFS. The clinical data from the Southwest Oncology Group[8] demonstrated that the patients with the trisomy 8 were slightly older,and with lower WBC counts,lower percentages of peripheral blasts,lower complete remission and shorter DFS than those of patients without the trisomy 8. Because of the limited case numbers,the comparison of clinical data among patients with various aberrant karyotypes was not performed in this study,but lower complete remission and shorter DFS were still evident.
In conclusion,the AML M5 patients examined in this study showed a significant heterogeneity in cytogenetics and clinical manifestations. The 11q23 aberrantions and trisomy 8 were more frequently detected in patients with AML M5a,compared with patients with M5b. Most of the patients with AML M5b had a normal karyotype. The patients with aberrant karyotypes had a lower complete remission rate and shorter DFS. These results provide further insights into the pathogenesis of AML M5 and might lead to a better classification of the disease.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Professor Daohong Zhou in Medical University of South Carolina,USA,for helpful English polishing on the manuscript.
参考文献
1 Tallman MS,Kim HT,Paietta E,et al. Acute monocytic leukemia (French-American-British classification M5) does not have a worse prognosis than other subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol,2004;22: 1276-1286
2 Berger R,Bernheim A,Weh HJ,et al. Cytogenetics studies on acute monocytic leukemia. Leuk Res,1980;4:119-127
3 Haferlach T,Schoch C,Shnittger S,et al. Distinct genetic patterns can be identified in acute monoblastic and acute monocytic leukaemia (FAB AML M5a and M5b): a study of 124 patients. Br J Haematol,2002;118:426-431
4 Tkachuk DC,Kohler S,Clearly ML. Involvement of a homolog of Drosophila trithorax by 11q23 chromosomal translocations in acute leukemias. Cell,1992;71:691-700
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6 Anonymous. Morphologic,immmunologic,and cytogenetic (MIC) working classification of the acute myeloid leukemias. Report of the Workshop held in Leuven,Belgium,September 15-17,1986. Se-cond MIC Cooperative Study Group. Cancer Genet Cytogenet,1988; 30:1-15
篇5
[关键词]案例教学法;口腔医学;教学效果
[中图分类号]R783 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1008-6455(2012)08-1403-03
口腔美容医学是与医学临床结合紧密且实践性很强的临床学科,要求学生既要掌握扎实的理论知识,同时还要具备分析病情和解除病症的能力[1]。传统教学方法难以在有限的教学时间内充分地、多角度地阐述和展示疾病及其特征,使得医学生孤立了医学理论的学习[2]。案例教学法能够按照教学目标的需要,以临床真实病例为导引,培养学生掌握理论知识并应用分析,提高学生思考、分析和解决问题的能力[3]。笔者从2011年开始在口腔美容医学专科学生中部分采用了案例教学法,取得了一定的教学效果,现总结如下。
1 资料和方法
1.1临床资料:选择本校2010级3年制专科口腔美容医学班学生112例(男58例,女54例),随机分为实验组、对照组,实验组56例,其中男29例,女27例;对照组56例,其中男29例,女27例。两组学生在入学成绩和性别比例上无差异(P>0.05)。两班授课老师、教学时数及教学进度完全一致。
1.2 实验组教学方法[4]:采用案例教学法进行教学,基本过程为:典型病例引导并提出问题教师精讲教材理论知识课堂学习小组进行病例讨论学生得出结果并上讲台分析病例教师给出正确诊疗。
1.2.1典型病例导入并提出问题:某女,23岁,全口牙齿呈灰黄色影响美观来诊,患者自年幼发觉全口牙齿萌出后均呈灰黄色,患者母亲妊娠期曾进食四环素类药物病史,否认高氟地区居住史,自幼患者笑不露齿,并形成一定心理压力,未经任何诊疗。根据以上病例资料提出以下问题:①该患者最可能的疾病诊断是什么;②该疾病应该与哪些疾病相鉴别;③如何对该患者进行治疗。
1.2.2教师在学生熟记典型病例后进行教学理论知识内容讲解。
1.2.3课堂以学习小组为单位进行病例讨论。
1.2.4学生以学习小组为单位主动上讲台分析病例。
1.2.5教师总结病例分析讨论结果,给出患者正确诊疗及设计问题答案。
1.3 对照组教学方法[1]:采用传统教学法,按照教学大纲的要求,以教师给学生讲授教科书的重点和难点为主,学生记笔记,完成课后作业。
1.4 测评方法:在学期末,对两组进行理论考试及授课满意度调查。理论考试采取闭卷考试,考试时间为90min,题型分为名词解释,填空、单项选择、简答、病例分析,共计100分。比较两组学生期末考试的成绩,评价两种教学法的效果。满意度问卷调查设满意、基本满意、不知道和不满意等4个等级,发送授课满意度调查问卷112份,收回112份。统计学SPSS 13.0软件处理实验数据采用t检验,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 考试结果分析:将两组学生的理论课学期末考试成绩进行比较,实验组学生的考试平均成绩为93.26±7.39,对照组考试平均成绩为80.31±8.84。显示实验组的期末考试成绩明显高于对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。
2.2 满意度调查结果分析:对两组学生进行授课满意度问卷调查,实验组学生的授课满意度调查中满意者45例,为总人数80.36%;基本满意者9例,为总人数16.07%;不知道者2例,为总人数3.57%;无不满意学生。对照组学生的授课满意度调查中满意者17例,为总人数30.36%;基本满意者24例,为总人数42.86%;不知道者11例,为总人数19.64%;不满意者4例,为总人数7.14%。以上实验结果进行学生学习质量评价显示:案例教学法能够使学生学习观念和学习行为发生转变,能从根本上促进学生由片面学习向全面学习转变,由被动学习向主动学习转变,由被动实践向主动实践转变,由整齐划一的学习向个性化学习转变,由偏重知识学习向注重能力学习转变,由盲目学习向自觉学习转变,让学生成为个性健全的个体[5]。
3 讨论
我国医学教育多年以来大多采用传统的填鸭式教学方法,以教师提供学生信息和知识为主,要求学生记忆,达到学习的目的,只注重知识的灌输和传递,忽视了学生的知识应用能力培养,理论知识与临床实践脱节,学生不能将理论知识应用于临床实际工作中。走上工作岗位后,学生面临错综复杂的临床病情往往无所适从,手足无措。鉴于传统医学教学法存在诸多弊端,一种新型医学教学模式有待于广大医学教学者探讨及研发。我校开展案例教学,“以病例为先导,以问题为基础”,激发了学生的学习兴趣,建立了学生的临床思维能力,提高分析、解决问题的能力,增强与人合作、沟通的能力,增强语言表达能力,活跃课堂气氛、积极发言,为培养医学临床工作人才奠定基础;案例教学法还可以发挥学生的主体作用,帮助学生尽早形成临床思维,避免了传统教学不足,收到良好教学效果[6]。
案例教学法要求教师具有扎实的理论和较强的表达能力,而且要求教师要具备丰富的临床经验及较好的组织和思维能力,对教学过程中出现的各种情况能够灵活处理,启发和引导学生探究案例中所渗透的普遍规律[7]。我校临床技能训练实验中心为我校开展案例教学法提供保障,实验中心所提供的先进模拟诊疗环境、模拟患者及临床先进医疗器械,为学生进入临床实践奠定坚实基础。医学教学人员经我校附属医院临床工作后筛选典型、具有代表性、与日常生活密切相关,并且与相应教材章节内容吻合的病例,保证案例具有真实的来源。
案例教学法有利于提高教师的综合素质,可调动教师教学改革的积极性,更好地发挥教师在教学中的主导作用,不断提高教学水平。并同时要求教师具有扎实的理论知识,具备丰富的教学与临床经验,能将理论知识与临床实践融会贯通[8]。教师应具备较强的洞察和辨别能力,不断地从临床诊疗中寻求具有针对性、时效性、真实性和知识面紧扣教学大纲的教学案例[9]。案例内容应具有训练重点,在案例中应该包含足够的知识信息,让学生体会到疾病发生发展的变化,以及同一患者、同一疾病变化中所采取的不同治疗措施,这是传统教学不能达到的。案例教学法有利于培养学生综合分析和解决问题的能力。通过病例引导进行学习,可以缩短理论知识与临床实践之间的距离。通过学生对案例的分析和总结为他们将来的临床实践奠定牢固的基础,使学生更加清楚地认识到理论知识对将来临床实践的重要性,激发学生学习理论知识的热情,把枯燥抽象的理论知识放在具体的病例情境中去学习,激发了学生的学习兴趣。案例教学法活跃了课堂气氛,使学生从传统教学模式的“要我学”,达到“我要学”的境界。合理运用案例教学法,可以激发学生独立思考和创新意识,培养理论知识应用于临床的能力。
本研究数据表明,实验组的期末考试成绩明显高于对照组。该教学法可以激发学生学习兴趣,提高分析、解决问题的能力。93.26%学生赞成案例教学法,受到学生的认可和欢迎。但一种教学方式是否值得推广,还需在长期的教学实践中进行检验。
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