本科毕业论文英文范文
时间:2023-03-23 10:18:46
导语:如何才能写好一篇本科毕业论文英文,这就需要搜集整理更多的资料和文献,欢迎阅读由公务员之家整理的十篇范文,供你借鉴。
篇1
一、英文摘要的特点及规范
1、具有独立性和自含性
对于一些英文读者来说,英文摘要是他们唯一的信息源,所以英文摘要一定要强调完整性,也就是说它所提供的信息必须是完整的。
2、具有定量分析
撰写英文摘要的过程中应该注意避免笼统的、空洞的阐述,尽量用具体的语言和清晰地思路来论述,这样能给读者一个全面的信息呈现。
3、具有创新性
由于东西方文化差异,西方学者在阅读论文时会注重创新之处,所以中英文摘要不必强求一致,英文摘要需要有自己的特点和风格。
国际标准规定中“摘要”一词定义为原文内容准确、扼要的表达,而不加以解释和评论。各个高校对其也都有自己的相关规定,如新疆农业大学,一般要求英文摘要在200-250字符,单词语法正确,语言流畅、精炼。内容包括目的、方法、结果、結论等4个方面,着重反映论文中的新内容、新见解,但不得加入评论。
1、研究过程简述
为了了解本校非英专本科毕业论文英文摘要所存在的问题,笔者进行了两方面的研究。笔者对土管专业的62份问卷结果进行了数据分析,发现77%的非英专学生对英文摘要有强烈的需求;收集了土管专业的57份毕业论文英文摘要,进行详细分析、研究,发现70%的学生借助了网上一些软件翻译,其中有25%的人对译文进行了修改,仅有12%的学生基本了达到英文摘要的要求。
2、英文摘要存在的问题的分析
1)文章题目的翻译。中国学生受到汉语思维习惯的影响,在中文题目中会用到“研究”、“初探”等词,但是在撰写英文摘要中,这些词就可以不用译出。
例如:四平市耕地保护的问题及对策分析
原译:Analysis of Problem and Countermeasures of Farmland Protection in Si Ping City
改译:Problem and Countermeasures of Farmland Protection in Si Ping City
2)标点符号错误。学生常犯的错误:并列成分用分号隔开;书名号没有用斜体;中英文省略号的区别。
例如:农户耕地流转行为受农户文化程度、年龄、农户家庭劳动力资源状况影响。
译文:... is influenced by farmers’ degree of education,age,labor resource status.
3)用词不当。词性和近义词区别分辨不清常会导致用词不当的问题。
例如:但是由此产生的人地矛盾问题却日趋尖锐
原译;but the resulting contradiction between people and land ...
笔者认为“矛盾”一词,根据词义和用途,conflict更为贴切。
改译:but the resulting conflict between people and land...
4)搭配不当。英语单词的搭配纷乱复杂,许多学生的语法基础薄弱,经常会用错搭配导致不规范的表达。
例如:In Urumqi as an example ...
改译:Taking Urumqi as an example...
5)中式翻译
做翻译时,一个普遍问题就是中式思维翻译。如果只顾字面对应,不考虑文化差异,可能会造成简单句泛滥,句子衔接性差。
例如:大量的农业用地转为城市用地,给国家粮食安全问题和生态环境的保护造成了极大的压力。
原译:A great deal transformation of agricultural land into urban land, to the national food security problems and the protection of the ecological environment cause great pressure.
原译文完全是根据中文逐字逐句翻译的,且原文中的“问题”可不用译出。
改译:A great deal transformation ...brings great pressure to the national food security...
三、改进英文摘要质量的对策
英文摘要中存在的问题还有很多,以上几条只是笔者在实践过程中常见问题的简单总结。想要提高摘要质量,笔者认为需要从以下两个方面做出努力:
正确认识英文摘要的意义,了解英文摘要的写作特点和规范。撰写英文摘要时,先用中文完成结构完整、信息全面的摘要,再按照英文思维将其翻译下来。
掌握英文摘要的翻译技巧,加强自身翻译能力。多注重英文摘要的写作规范和行文特点,如用词、句法、时态、语态等。多积累英文摘要常用词、句型,多阅读英文文献资料。(作者单位:新疆农业大学外国语学院)
作者简介:汪南(1994~),新疆农业大学外国语学院英语134班学生。
参考文献
[1]陈晓文,王晓农.非英专本科生毕业论文中文摘要英译研究—以鲁东大学2010届非英专部分毕业生为例[J].河北联合大学学报(社科版),2012年(1).
篇2
1.文献综述方面
高校本科学生要在较短时间内的进行国内外相关研究文献的收集、整理与分析、汇总工作,最后以文献综述的形式出现在论文的第一部分之中。论文综述的写作对于相关领域研究前沿、研究热点的科学、准确界定,毕业论文选题及后续写作的创新性、科学性等来说至关重要。通过调研发现,目前高校本科学生在校期间很少能够充分了解国内外相关学科或领域的研究概况,如该学科或领域中的研究主题、经典文献、权威作者、核心期刊、研究合作群体等,而科学知识图谱的一些分析方法,如来源分析方法、词频共现方法、共被引分析方法、引文分析方法等则恰好能够满足本科学生渴望对学科或领域研究基本情况进行充分了解的迫切需求,对于高度概括国内外的研究现状,开展科学的研究述评,明确毕业论文写作的理论意义和现实意义具有较大的帮助。
2.科学选题方面
鉴于国内多数高校对本科生学术科研要求较低,以及学生本身科研主动性、积极性不强而导致学生对所学学科及相关领域理论及实践研究了解不明确、不充分等特点,科学知识图谱分析方法如词频共现方法,可以使得本科生在较短时间内快速了解国内外相关学科或某一领域的理论研究和实践探索情况,从定量与定性相结合、主观与客观相结合等方面对相关学科或领域的研究热点、研究前沿、研究网络及发展趋势等进行了解和学习,从而使得毕业论文选题更加具有科学性、创新性和实践性。可以说,在本毕业论文写作过程中,如以科学的、准确的研究热点或研究前沿为论文写作对象,就是对社会实践和学科发展的客观需求进行有针对性的研究。通过满足社会实践和学科发展的现实需求,使得毕业论文不仅具有一定的学术价值,而且具有明显的现实意义。3.研究创新方面高等教育重在培养学生的创新意识和创新能力,提升学生的创新水平。如同研究生毕业论文一样,本科生毕业论文的写作同样有一定程度上的创新要求,包括研究方法的创新、研究内容的创新、研究过程的创新等等。通过科学知识图谱方法的有效使用,可以对国内外相关领域的研究现状有较为清晰的了解和掌握,通过高度概括与全面分析,既可以实现文献综述研究方法上的创新,也可以在了解国内外研究热点、研究前沿的基础上进行研究内容上创新,突破现有研究存在的不足和缺陷,使得研究的广度或深度上更进一步,并与实践结合更加紧密,使创新性和实践性统一起来,更好地为社会实践服务。
此外,知识图谱在高校本科毕业论文写作中的其他功效还包括:重要文献资料收集、核心期刊选定研读、权威作者跟踪学习等,这些都为毕业论文的写作打下坚实和牢固的研究基础。
二、科学知识图谱在本科毕业论文写作过程中的应用
1.文献数据库的选择与文献筛选
国外文献数据库选择与文献筛选。如果要分析国外某学科或领域的相关研究情况,可以选择美国科学情报研究所的“SocialScienceCitationIndex”数据库,即众所周知的SSCI(社会科学引文索引),其为综合性社科文献数据库,涉及经济、管理、心理学、社会学等研究内容。以人力资源管理研究为例,进入SSCI数据库后,在“标题”或“主题”选项中输入相关主题词语,如“humanresourcemanagement”或“HRM”等,之后确定相应的年限,如2000年—2012年,然后进行文献资料收索,在收索结果中选择相应的“研究领域”、“研究方向”,在“文献科学知识图谱在本科毕业论文写作中的功效及应用房宏君刘瑛北京联合大学人力资源管理研究所类型”中选择“article”即“文章”类型资料并去掉“meeting”、“review”、“editorial”类型资料之后以进行文献筛选;在文献资料保存过程中,选择包含标题、来源作者、来源单位、关键词、摘要、参考文献等全文献资料类型,以每次500条文献资料数量进行下载,并以文本格式进行保存。
国内文献数据库选择与文献筛选。本科学生如要分析国内相关某一领域的研究情况,可以选择现有的“ChineseSocialSciencesCitationIndex”数据库,即中文社会科学引文索引数据库(CSSCI),其是由南京大学中国社会科学研究评价中心研制的中文数据库,通过科学引文索引数据库的统计与分析,可以从定量的视角评价文献来源地区、研究机构、研究学者等相关情况,探测某一学科或领域中的研究热点、研究前沿、研究网络及发展趋势等。在CSSCI数据库中,确定年限之后,选择“来源文献”数据库,然后在“来源篇名”或“关键词”选项中输入要查询的相关词语进行检索,CSSCI数据库每次可以下载50条文献资料,点击“下载”即可得到相应的文本资料。
2.知识图谱绘制工具的选择
进行科学知识图谱分析的可视化工具很多,包括:“Citespace”可视化软件、SPSS软件、Bibexcel软件、Ucinet、Netdraw等,其中较为常用的如“Citespace”可视化软件、Bibexcel软件、SPSS软件等。本科生在毕业论文综述研究中可以采用操作简单、功能强大的Citespace软件、SPSS统计分析软件等。关于上述软件的介绍与使用在一些专著、教材及相关文献资料中有详细的介绍。
三、知识图谱分析方法的确定
1.词频共现分析方法。
该方法用于探测和分析某一研究领域研究热点、研究前沿及其演进历程、发展趋势等,包括关键词共现频次分析、突现词探测分析等,如利用Citespace软件中的关键词共现方法可以探测出2006—2010年5年间国内人力资源管理研究的基本热点情况
2.来源分析方法。
该方法用于分析一定期限内文献资料的主要来源国家、来源作者、来源机构等,以探讨文献资料来源的基本情况,如利用Citespace软件中来源分析方法可以探测出2001—2010年10年间国际范围内人力资源管理研究文献的主要来源国家。2001-2010年国际范围人力资源管理研究文献来源国家图谱共被引分析方法。
3.共被引分析方法。
该方法主要包括作者共被引、文献共被引、期刊共被引方法,用于探测某一学科或研究领域的经典文献、权威作者、核心期刊及其网络关系等。如利用Citespace软件中文献共被引分析方法可以探测出2005—2009年5年间国际人力资源研究领域中的最具有影响力的重要经典文献。2005-2009年国际范围人力资源研究文献共被引图谱
四、研究结果的验证与应用
科学知识图谱研究的结果虽然是量化的、客观的,但是仍然需要通过实践调研去进行验证,如对研究热点的核实与确认,可以通过对某一研究领域中的权威专家进行访谈加以核实,还应该结合社会实践相关领域中的热点现象去验证,以综合确认研究结果的准确性和科学性。可以说,经过验证的科学的、准确的、量化的研究成果可以为本科生毕业论文的科学选题、文献综述、内容创新及突出论文的有效性和实践性打下良好的基础。
五、结论
篇3
Key words applied undergraduate; thesis (design); course; teaching reform
应用型本科毕业论文(设计)是在教师指导下本科毕业生进行四年学习与实践成果的总结,也是对本科毕业生分析问题、解决问题能力的一项综合考察,同时又是培养应用型本科毕业生从业能力的一项重要手段。但是,目前各应用型本科院校均出现了毕业论文(设计)质量严重下滑的客观事实。笔者多年来一直在从事应用型本科学生毕业论文(设计)的指导工作,在论文(设计)指导过程中发现一些问题,提出了以提升学生从业能力为导向的毕业生论文(设计)指导课程教学改革策略:一是,强调应用型本科毕业论文(设计)是对学生综合实践能力培养的认识;二是,明确论文(设计)学生选题的实践价值;三是,设计合理的论文(设计)教学内容;最后,采取适合论文(设计)指导课程的教学方法。以适应市场经济新常态下应用型高级人才的培养需要。
1 目前毕业论文(设计)写作中存在的主要问题
一是,毕业论文(设计)存在的学术不端问题。学生毕业论文(设计)的学术不端问题经常出现,有些学生进行网上抄袭或者使用百度百科等网络文章拼凑成论文;也有的学生找人;还有的学生直接改用本专业往届学长的合格毕业论文上交等。这些做法,论文(设计)指导老师都很难左右。有些情况可以通过论文检验出来,有些则很难查出。但是,这些学术不端行为会败坏了学术风气,使得学校安排学生写作毕业论文(设计)的培养计划失去了应该发挥的作用和意义。
二是,选题问题:有些学生所选题目陈旧过时,有些题目范围过大或过小不利于论文写作,或者学生所选题目的写作可行性较差。学生思想惰性强,所选题目陈旧过时,远离时代,缺乏现实应用价值。应用型本科学生的毕业论文要求学生选题新颖,要有一定的独立见解,尤其是对于以往反复研究过的题目,要从新的视角挖掘出独特的观点和见解。但很多学生没有意识到毕业论文(设计)选题的重要意义,而是挑选以前学长写过的题目来写,认为可以照着别人的写法来模仿完成。
也有些学生认为,选择较大题目会有的可写,也容易写够字数。实际上,题目过大,在写作过程中难以驾驭和把握。当然,还有些学生认为,选择较小题目会容易写具体,但是所选题目过小,在写作过程中只能写一些具体操作流程,无法形成具有一定理论深度的毕业论文。毕业论文选题要确定合理的范围,学生尽量选择与学过的课程相关,写作熟悉一些的内容,能够保证在有限的时间内顺利完成毕业论文。
再者就是所选题目是否具备写作的可行性问题,由于一些学生缺少写作经验,在选题时没有注意到题目内涵及外延,以及自己是否能够搜集到足够的论据及写作素材,导致学生论文写作过程出现无法继续或中途更换论文题目的问题。
三是,论文(设计)出现逻辑结构不合理及写作不规范问题。从历届学生毕业论文(设计)答辩稿件来看,存在的问题主要有:逻辑上出现前后矛盾、条理不清、缺乏科学的论证方法、研究方法不规范、创新点不明确、语言表达不清楚等问题。这些问题都会影响毕业论文的质量,甚至于影响学生能否顺利通过毕业论文(设计)答辩。
2 应用型本科毕业论文(设计)水平不高的主要原因
一是,学生对应用型本科毕业论文(设计)没有正确的认识。一方面,由于教师在论文(设计)指导课程教学中对学术不端现象的后果强调不足,导致学生对这个问题没有清楚的认识。另一方面,一些学生毕业了忙于找工作或毕业实习,对论文(设计)写作不够重视,应付了事;还有一些学生在网上找几篇文章随便拼凑一下了事,或是请人完成应付交差。这些做法都形成了应用型本科毕业论文(设计)写作出现的学术不端问题,最终影响到学生能否如期毕业。
二是,指导教师与学生之间沟通不够,学生缺乏有效的写作指导,导致出现选题偏差。教师在论文(设计)指导课程教学中,由于课时量问题,没有足够强调学生与指导教师对选题沟通的重要性,更没有进行足够的选题指导实践训练;同时,在应用型本科毕业论文(设计)写作指导实践中,指导教师往往把大部分精力放在科研和教学上,对学生毕业论文选题方向重视不够。开题并进入初稿写作过程以后,才发现要么由于指导老师的专业背景和学生论文方向差距较大而无力指导,要么学生选题问题较大而无法继续写作。
三是,由于课程教学内容安排不合理,导致对学生写作帮助不大。由于学校论文(设计)指导课程教学内容安排不合理,不能够使学生通过该课程的学习掌握论文与设计的写作区别、论文(设计)的写作要求、写作规范,以及开题报告、文献综述的写作要点以及定量、定性研究方法的使用等内容。最终导致一些学生出现论文逻辑结构问题及写作不规范等问题。
3 毕业论文(设计)指导课程教学改革对策
应用型本科学生毕业后大多数要进入各行业从事具体工作岗位的实践活动,因而高校对学生从业能力的培养就显得尤其重要。大学生应具备的从业能力应包括:具有强烈的进取心及责任感;较高水平的分析能力;较好的沟通交流能力;具备一定的创造和学习能力等等。①可以看到,严格的毕业生论文(设计)写作训练能够起到综合训练和提升学生未来从业能力的作用。因此,笔者认为学生毕业论文(设计)写作应建立以提升学生从业能力为导向的毕业生论文写作课程教学改革策略:一是,强调应用型本科毕业论文(设计)是对学生综合实践能力培养的认识;二是,明确论文(设计)学生选题的实践价值;三是,设计合理的论文(设计)教学内容;四是,采取适合论文指导课程的教学方法。
首先,强调应用型本科毕业论文(设计)是对学生综合实践能力培养的认识。应用型本科教育在教学、科研、服务诸方面都以应用为导向,坚持为地方或区域社会经济发展服务,面向行业、面向人才市场需求来建设专业。②应用型本科生的毕业论文(设计)写作过程,既是检验本科生综合运用本学科所学知识的重要手段,同时又是一项培养学生逻辑写作能力的实践教学过程。因此,必须强调学生毕业论文(设计)写作过程是对学生综合实践能力培养的认识,应该让学生结合所学专业和自己的实习实践并与指导教师进行充分沟通来进行毕业论文(设计)的选题及后续写作。
必须坚决杜绝学生采取的各种学术不端行为,如在网上找几篇文章随便拼凑一下了事、请人完成应付交差等行为。在毕业论文(设计)指导课程中,教师可以结合一些学校处理过的学术不端案例来教育学生,使其对学术不端的后果有清醒的认识,让学生从思想上认识到学术不端做法对学业以及将来职业发展的巨大危害性。
第二,明确论文(设计)学生选题的实践价值导向。应用型本科毕业论文(设计)指导课程教学必须首先让学生能够区分论文与设计的不同标准和要求,明确论文(设计)选题的实践价值导向。应按各学院按专业建立各论文(设计)指导课程授课导师组,采用竞争机制选择授课教师,使得论文(设计)课程中师生能够就讲解的案例做到专业上的充分沟通,使学生接受针对性较强的专业写作训练,以保证毕业论文(设计)指导课程具有较强实践性。
应用型本科的人才培养应以知识、能力和技能是否与社会对应用型人才的要求相适应为评价标准。③应用型本科院校应在学生毕业论文(设计)选题方面强调其具有一定的实践意义,能使学生综合运用所学专业进行系统的写作训练,使学生能够在规定时间内顺利毕业论文(设计)写作,达到培养具有实践创新能力人才的教学目标。因此,最好强调指导教师和学生的反复沟通,结合学生实习实践背景,在老师研究方向范围内进行毕业论文选题。这样,既可以最大限度保证毕业论文(设计)选题的合理性,又能够使得指导教师能够有效参与到学生的写作过程之中结合学生实习实践经验来提高学生的积极性。
第三,设计合理的论文(设计)教学内容。采用专题讲解来讲授撰写论文(设计)过程,要在教学目标中重点讲授如何选题、如何收集资料、如何选用适合的研究方法,如何掌控好写作进度,如何做好写作过程中的师生沟通,怎样避免学术不端的做法等方面。 授课过程中要明确论文(设计)指导授课教师职责,依照学校毕业论文(设计)指导手册要求将撰写毕业论文(设计)的每一步骤内容分解到每课时的教学任务中,包括:论文(设计)选题、拟定论文(设计)提纲、开题报告、文献使用、研究方法选用、初稿要求、论文修改、及论文(设计)修改要求、定稿要求及学术写作规范等内容。
授课教师还要向学生强调遵守学校要求的毕业论文(设计)写作进度,即从选定导师、确定选题、列出写作提纲、完成开题报告、再到初稿写作、论文修改、定稿等这样一个完整的论文写作过程。授课教师要结合自己的指导经验,向学生强调论文(设计)写作过程中每一个环节需要与指导老师主动沟通的要点以及没有做好这些沟通工作容易出现的问题,以确保整个论文(设计)的高质量完成。
第四,采取适合论文指导课程的教学方法。充分运用多媒体,通过图片展示、视频讲解,让学生结成小组共同进行案例讨论,激发学生的参与兴趣,从而提高学生论文(设计)的综合写作能力,引导学生树立自信心及创新精神。在授课过程中,要引导学生学会充分利用中国知网、百度学术等网络资源和图书馆等进行查找和使用期刊等文献,学会文献综述写作,培养学生结合专业实践背景提出问题、分析问题和解决问题的从业能力。
4 结语
综上所述,应用型本科毕业论文(设计)写作会出现各种各样的问题,为培养应用型实践人才必须进行毕业论文(设计)课程教学改革。尤其要遵循以提升学生从业能力为导向的毕业生论文(设计)指导课程教学改革策略,即强调应用型本科毕业论文(设计)是对学生综合实践能力培养的认识,明确论文(设计)学生选题的实践价值,设计合理的论文(设计)教学内容,采取适合论文指导课程的教学方法。最终,通过毕业论文(设计)写作训练,提高应用型本科学生分析、解决问题的实践能力,为社会培养更多满足市场需求的高级应用型实践人才。
注释
① 王均平.基于用人单位需求的普通高校毕业生从业能力的选择与设计[J].高等教育研究,2013(5):72-75.
篇4
[关键词]开放教育本科 毕业论文 指导 策略
[中图分类号]G642.4 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009-5349(2012)02-0195-02
引言
根据开放教育本科英语(教育方向)教学计划的规定,学员在基本修完本专业规定的必修课和选修课后,进入以撰写毕业论文为主的集中实践环节。教学实践设计环节即毕业论文设计是开放教育本科英语专业教育方向的一个极为重要的环节。在本文中,笔者基于近五年的毕业论文指导实践基础,阐述了开放教育英语本科毕业论文的特点,分析了毕业论文写作中存在的问题和不足之处,并在此基础上提出了相应的对策与建议。
一、开放教育本科英语专业毕业论文的特点
开放教育本科英语教育专业学员所写的毕业论文除了学术性(scholarly)、创新性(original)、规范性(formal)这几个毕业论文的基本特征外,还应体现英语教育的职业性(professional)和过程性。
(一)毕业论文的设计应体现理论联系教育实践原则
所谓“学有所用”,学员毕业论文的选题要结合自己的课堂教学实践,真正解决本人在教学实践中遇到的客观存在的问题。毕业论文指导教师应就“教学行为研究”的基本要求和原则面向全体学员以讲座或课程的形式进行指导。整篇毕业论文至少要体现有四次教学研究记录或教学日记;要有一次课堂教学的录像或录音;要有原始调查问卷,或座谈的录音等,以保证教育教学这一职业性的凸显。
(二)毕业论文的设计应该体现过程性原则
整个毕业论文设计必须经过问题分析、方案设计、项目实施、项目评估和项目报告几个阶段。学员的研究必须针对其课堂中确确实实反映出的问题,方案的设计必须符合要求,实施阶段必须严格监控,保证有一个月的实施时间,指导教师对学生的研究要如实评估,项目报告,亦即论文必须符合论文的写作规范,要体现指导过程。整个设计环节由5个环节组成:
1.项目启动:指导教师可采用集体或分散等指导方式,介绍研究原则和研究方法,布置研究任务;
2.问题分析和方案设计:学员分析自己课堂教学中反映出的问题,设计问题解决方案;
3.项目实施:学员通过课堂教学具体实施方案;
4.项目评估:学员运用评估手段和方法,对项目的事实情况及结果进行评估;
5.项目报告:学员根据论文写作规范,用英文写出正文4000词左右的项目报告,同时提供项目实施过程中的所有原始材料。
在整个论文的写作过程中,项目启动是整个论文写作的理论基础;问题分析和方案设计确定论文研究方向;项目实施是论文实用价值体现的关键环节;项目评估是对论文学术价值的提炼;项目报告是对整个写作痕迹的保留。这五个环节环环相扣,缺一不可,相辅相成,层层递进。
二、撰写开放教育本科英语专业毕业论文存在的问题及其对策
毕业论文写作对于开放教育本科英语专业的学员来说非常具有挑战性,因为除了完成一般毕业论文所要完成的各个环节以外,英语专业的学生还需用英文进行毕业论文的写作。要想顺利完成英语专业毕业论文设计,学员要从论文的选题、时间安排及写作心态三方面同步着手。
(一)选题问题
开放教育学员本身写作水平不高(大多学员学历为中专),面对论文选题往往要么望而却步,要么求大求空,无法驾驭论文写作。要解决毕业论文选题难这个问题,在具体的毕业论文指导实践中,指导教师则需着力推进“两个兼容”原则。该原则有利于学员对自己的教学实践进行反思,并学以致用。
1.原则之一:教学实践和学术研究兼容。由于开放教育本科英语专业的学员大多数是中小学一线教师,有着相当丰富的教学经验,驾驭本专业与自己工作实践联系紧密的论文选题会相对来说容易得多。其次,学员对自己多年来的教学实践进行反思和思考,整理和提炼教学心得,再用于指导自己的教学实践,这样的论文很有实践性和指导性。最后要注意在强调联系教育实践的同时,也不能轻视了毕业论文的规范性,学员通过英文写作锻炼了英文写作技巧,同时也对论文写作的规范要求进行了写作实践。
2.原则之二:个人特长和实际情况兼容。学员进行毕业论文的选题时还要考虑自己的特长、综合知识水平、学术科研能力和客观条件。学员最好选择自身擅长并且有一定兴趣的题目。擅长能表现出学员对该论题有较深的认识思考及一定的实践经验,能降低写作难度,更充分地发挥个人的主观能动性,从而做到素材充实,个人见解深刻,针对性强。指导老师可帮助学生对历年的论文题目进行归类,然后就每一类给出具体实例,让学员亲身体验,和学员共同探讨,寻找自己感兴趣、熟悉或是能驾驭的题目。历年论文题目基本可划分为教学实践经验总结、学生心理研究、学科思想、学生非智力因素等方面。
(二)时间问题
由于开放教育本科英语专业学员大多为成人或在职中小学英语教师,工作负担沉重,家庭生活压力大,在完成工作任务和照顾好家庭之余用于论文写作的时间就非常有限,因此时间的合理安排和使用是毕业论文按期按质完成的重要保障。毕业论文的时间安排表如下:
从上表可以看出,在教学计划中留出用于毕业论文写作的时间本身就非常有限,且由于是安排在最后一个学期,面临毕业,论文已无延期上交的可能性,因学员自身不够重视或工作忙等原因最后只能选择放弃论文答辩的现象屡见不鲜。为改变这一无论是学员还是指导教师都不愿意看到的局面,笔者建议首先学员应当重视毕业论文的写作,毕竟三年所学,毕于所写。学员应当处理好学业与工作的关系,充分、高效地使用业余时间进行论文方案的实施及撰写,对写作过程中的困难要有充分的思想准备,耐得住寂寞,忍得下艰苦。其次,作为指导教师则应确实把握好论文写作的每个环节,运用E-Mail、手机等现代化联系方式,或告知学生可进行双向语音或视频联络的网址(例如雅虎通、QQ、MSN等)充分与学员进行有效沟通,指导到位,引导学员逐段完成论文,渐入佳境。按时间安排逐项完成各项写作任务还有赖于指导教师对学员的阶段性检查,定期检查学生的工作进度和质量。
(三)心态问题
学员积极的写作心态,是毕业论文顺利完成的重要保障。积极心态的创立离不开指导教师的培养和学员自身养成。
1.指导教师要为学员设置成功目标。在长达半年的毕业论文写作过程中,指导教师在学员因为这样或那样的困难导致论文写不下去时,应不厌其烦地进行鼓励。为了使毕业论文顺利完成这一远景目标变得不那么遥不可及,指导教师可以对远景目标进行分解,放在每一个写作阶段,逐一完成,使得远景目标的实现具备较强的可操作性。
2.学员对自己的论文写作应持积极心态。积极心态是一种对任何人、任何情况或任何环境所把持的正确、诚恳而且有建设性,同时也不违背法律、道德和人类权利的思想、行为或反映。积极心态有利于毕业论文的顺利完成。下图是柳州市广播电视大学2005-2011年部分毕业生毕业论文心理状况调查表,可以反映出由于持不同心态的毕业生参加毕业论文写作会产生的不同结果。
柳州市广播电视大学2005-2011年部分毕业生毕业论文心理状况调查表
上表显示的状况是不能令人放心的,这样的心态必然会引发教学、管理等方面的一系列问题。混学、浮学现象严重,缺勤、论文抄袭、拼凑等现象屡禁不绝。这些与上述消极心态有直接的关系。在艰辛的毕业论文创作过程中,学员应抱积极心态,把自己遇到的种种失败看成人生经历的宝贵财富。不论怎样,坚持下来,就是最大的胜利。在近五年的指导毕业论文的实践中,笔者发现具有积极心态的学员写作目标明确,动机强,遇到写作困难时善于动脑筋、想办法,写作进展速度快。而具有消极心态的学员在进行毕业论文的创作时,往往遇难而退;面对种种写作困难采取逃避或是蒙混过关的办法,其结果往往是论文不能按时上交,延期毕业。
三、结束语
综上所述,坚持“两个兼容”原则指导学员选题,合理安排论文撰写时间,帮助学生建立积极的撰写心态,能较好地体现电大开放教育培养“实用性、应用性”人才的办学宗旨,可以在一定程度上消除当前毕业论文写作的尴尬状况。毕业论文是一个极其艰辛的实施过程,只要学员合理安排好论文写作时间,保持积极的写作心态就能顺利完成毕业论文的写作,参加论文答辩,达到个人的学术研究高峰。
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[9]姜昕.高校远程教育毕业论文质量探索[J].中国科教创新导刊,2008,(29):169.
篇5
本科生要想获得学位证书,撰写毕业论文是一个必要的条件 但毕业论文的撰写一定要通过中期报告这个关,如果中期报告不被通过,那么就不允许撰写学位论文,因此中期报告对于本科毕业论文而言起着关键作用。那么本科毕业论文中期报告怎么写,具体步骤有哪些?下文笔者会做详细分析,大家可以进行参考借鉴。
本科毕业论文中期报告写作要点
第一、要写什么
这个重点要进行已有文献综述把有关的题目方面的已经有的国内外研究认真介绍一下先客观介绍情况要如实陈述别人的观点然后进行评述后主观议论加以评估说已有研究有什么不足说有了这些研究但还有很多问题值得研究。其中要包括选题将要探讨的问题。由于研究不足所以你要研究。你的论文要写什么是根据文献综述得出来的,而不是你想写什么就写什么。如果不做综述很可能你的选题早被别人做得很深了。
第二、为什么要写这个
这个主要是说明你这个选题的意义。可以说在理论上?你发现别人有什么不足和研究空白?所以你去做?就有理论价值了。那么你要说清楚你从文献综述中选出来的这个题目在整个相关研究领域占什么地位。这就是理论价值。然后你还可以从实际价值去谈。就是这个题目可能对现实有什么意义可能在实际中派什么用场等等。
第三、怎么写
在上述三个方面中间文献综述是重点。没有文献综述你就无法找到自己的题目也不知道这个题目别人已经做得怎么样了所以你要认真进行综述。当然综述的目的还是引出你自己的话题所以不能忘记评述。
本科毕业论文中期报告各个栏目填写
中期报告封面各栏目的填写方法
封页各栏目由中期者(学生)填写。
篇6
1.本科毕业论文实践中的计算机应用现状
1.1 计算机知识储备量不足
目前,各高校都开设有计算机课程,但仍不能满足本科毕业论文实践的需求。对于本科毕业论文,主要会用到Office办公软件中的Word、Excel、PowerPoint(PPT,Internet文献数据库,以及文献管理软件等。虽然各高校一般都开设有计算机基础类课程,介绍MicrosoftWindows、Office软件、Internet的使用,但所授内容还不能满足本科毕业论文实践的需要。在毕业论文写作时,毕业生往往感到Word文档的编排非常的麻烦,需要花费相当的精力和时间,也给指导老师增添了不少指导负担。同样,Excel、PowerPoint、Internet的使用也不尽如人意。除此之外,还有部分软件知识在已有课程中完全没有涉及,如文献管理软件的使用等。
1.2 计算机硬件设施不足
计算机资源不足严重影响毕业论文的撰写。学生可利用的计算机资源主要有三种:自有计算机,学校计算机,网吧计算机。对自有计算机而言,虽有调查表明大学生电脑的拥有率已达到50%左右,但对于大多数来自农村的大学生而言,他们的电脑拥有率依然很低。对学校计算机而言,虽然各学校都建立有计算机房,但相比于庞大的学生群体,学校计算机依然不能满足学生需求,而且学校计算机主要用于教学使用,学生的使用有时间限制。在这种情况下,许多学生不得不求助于网吧,而网吧一般不安装OFFICE办公软件,更不会安装如AutoCAD这种专业软件,也无法访问学校图书馆数据库。与此同时,毕业论文的撰写时间比较集中,往往在一两个月内完成,特别是临近答辩的几天里,几千毕业生需要计算机修订论文,计算机的紧张程度可想而知。因而,学生在毕业论文撰写过程中,常遇到没有计算机可以使用的情况。
1.3 计算机使用缺乏指导
学生进行计算机操作时,缺乏足够的指导。由于高校扩招,学生数量急剧增大而教师数量增加缓慢,导致师生比偏高,严重影响教学质量。作为公共基础课程,几千名学生的教学工作,往往由十多名教师来完成,师生比甚至高达1:250,很难说学生可以充分得到教师的指导在毕业论文进行阶段,也同样遇到师生比过高的问题,经常遇到一个老师同时指导十几名学生的现象,教师指导任务重,很难保证指导质量。
2.本科毕业论文实践中计算机应用需求
2.1 WORD大型文档编排
毕业论文是一种较长的文档,编排难度相对较大般而言,毕业论文字数要求5000字以上,页数一般在10页以上,编排的版式几乎与出版社正规出版的书籍类似。这对于平时很少利用Word软件的学生而言,具有很大的难度,需要重新学习Word的编排技巧。在论文写作过程中,也容易出现论文排版上的各种问题。
目前,文档编排软件很多,但一般采用Mi-crosoftWord完成.对于Word排版问题,应着重解决以下几方面的问题:①页面设置;②文字格式的设置;③样式的应用;④分节的设置;⑤页眉页脚的设置;⑥图表的绘制;⑦公式的录入;⑧自动生成目录。
2.2 Excel表、图与统计分析
对于大多数的毕业论文,都会涉及插入图表,以及数据的统计分析。除文科类论文较少涉及图表知识外,理工科、农科、医学等学科的大部分毕业论文,都会涉及图表的制作以及数据的统计分析。在毕业论文写作过程中,部分学生对图表的制作很是陌生,甚至不知道标准的图表要求是什么,因而做出来的图表不仅不美观,而且也不符合要求。Excel还具有统计分析功能,不仅方便快捷,而且准确可靠,但不少同学不知道Excel具有统计学功能,更不会使用。他们往往采用手算的方法来进行统计分析,耗时耗力,而且还容易出错。
图表与统计分析,不仅可以采用Excel,也可以采用更为专业的软件,如Origin制图、Sigmaplot制图、SAS统计分析、SPSS统计分析等,但以Excel更为方便。对于Execl图表与统计,应着重解决以下几方面的问题:①Excel表格的制作(特别是三线表的制作);②Excel图表的制作;③Excel函数与公式;④Excel统计分析工具。除此之外,也可以介绍Origin、Sigmaplot、SAS、SPSS等软件的使用。
文档演示毕业论文答辩时,_般采用PPT展示其研究课题。答辩过程主要包含两部分,学生陈述和老师提问。学生的自主陈述过程,不仅需要其精彩的陈述,更需要映衬陈述的多媒体展示。目前,大多数学生往往直接将论文内容粘贴到PPT当中,却不知如何精简和美化,结果导致PPT臃肿,条理不清晰,没有层次感。导致这一情况的直接原因就是学生缺乏PPT制作的技巧。
对于PPT的制作,应着重解决以下几方面的问题:①整体结构设计;②页面布局设计;③色彩搭配设计;④演讲内容提炼;⑤媒体元素设置;⑥动态效果设置;⑦播放策略。
2.4 INTERNET文献检索
Internet是获取科技信息非常方便的渠道。毕业论文的实践不是闭门造车,而是他人研究成果的继续。因而在研究之前需要查阅大量的文献。文献资料主要分为两种资料:文本资料和电子资料。大部分的研究成果是以期刊论文、会议报告、学位论文等形式最先展示出来的,而这部分资料目前基本都被相关数据库所收录,存储在数据服务器上。利用互联网技术,可以非常方便地查阅到所需要的资料。
对于Internet文献检索,应着重解决以下几方面的问题:①主要中文期刊数据库;②主要英文期刊数据库;③其它类型数据库(如:电子图书、电子报纸、会议论文、学位论文、标准、专利等);④检索策略;⑤检索技巧。
2.5 ENDNOTE文献管理
在毕业论文撰写过程中,根据撰写需要,要对参考文献进行插入、移动、删除等各种管理操作。本科毕业论文的参考文献数量一般在20篇左右,而研究生毕业论文的参考文献数量可达100篇以上,对于如此多的文献,如果采用人工管理的方式,不仅工作量巨大,而且非常容易出错。通过专业的文献管理软件,可以非常方便地对参考文献进行处理。文献管理类软件有多种,如:医学文献王、风^-express、Endnote、Referencemanager、Notefirst等。不同软件有自己的特点和优势,重点推荐Endnote文献管理软件,当然像Notefrst这种推出时间较短的国内免费软件,也有不错的口碑。
以Endnote文献管理软件为例,应着重解决以下几方面问题:①参考文献格式标准;②创建End-note图书馆;③文献信息录入;④Word中使用文献格式模板设置;⑥高级应用。
3.本科毕业论文实践中的计算机应用指导
3.1 加强计算机教育课程建设
通过调整课程设置和课程内容,引入相关计算机教育内容。同时,提高教学质量和水平,加强学生计算机实践能力的培养。在《计算机基础》课程中,要将Office办公软件引入到课程中,并要达到一定的应用水准。在《试验设计与统计分析》课程中,可以引入Excel和SAS等软件知识。在《文献检索》课程中,可以引入Internet的使用,数据库查询和Endnote软件等知识。在其它专业课程中,凡涉及到计算机内容的,也要尽可能进行上机训练,提高计算机应用能力。
3.2 加强计算机专业知识讲座
通过专题讲座的形式,讲解毕业论文实践过程中所使用的软件知识。在毕业论文撰写期间,可以通过专题讲座,具有针对性地进行辅导。因此,学生可以及时的了解相关知识,并立即加以应用。除了现场的讲座形式外,还可以利用网络的优势,建立网上学习平台,将学习资源放在网络上,学生可以随时查询相关计算机应用知识。
3.3 加强计算机硬件建设
加大计算机硬件设施的投入力度,优化计算机机房管理,提高计算机利用效率。根据学校人数和计算机使用的实际情况,合理投入资金进行计算机房的建设,增加计算机的台套数。其次,制定合理的管理措施,适当延长计算机房的使用时间,提高计算机房的利用效率,减少计算机的非学习性占用。
3.4 加强指导老师的指导职责
制定毕业论文指导教师的考核体系,强化指导教师的责任意识,督促教师加强对学生的指导。从学校和学院两个层次,学校层次要做好毕业论文指导的全面工作,同时要对计算机应用指导工作提出明确统_的要求,学院则有必要对学校的规定做出具体的安排和实施办法。
4.小结
篇7
2. British English and American English 2
2.1The history of British English 3
2.2 The history of American English 4
3. Grammar differences between British English and American English 6
3.1 Lexical differences 6
3.1.1The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms 7
3.1.2 Differences in verb 7
3.1.2.1 Differences in the inflectional endings of verbs 7
3.1.2.2Different use of present perfect tenses 8
3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs 8
3.1.2.4 Different use of "have" 9
3.1.3 Different use of function words 9
3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb 9
3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb 10
3.1.3.3 Differences in articles 11
3.2 Syntactical differences 12
3.2.1 Differences in compound object 12
3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements 13
3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood 13
4. The differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English 14
5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English 17
6. Conclusion 17
Acknowledgements 19
References 19
1.Introduction
There is one play in the famous American TV series Friends: Ross will go to England to marry Emily, suddenly Rachel decides to show his love to Ross and goes to England either, so his friend Phoebe makes a call to tell the news to Ross and Emily, Emily’s housekeeper answers the call. The dialogue as follows:
Housekeeper: The Waltham Residence.
Phoebe: Oh...yes…is this…umm…Emily’s Parents’ house?
Housekeeper: This is the housekeeper speaking. And by the way, young lady, that is not how one addresses oneself on the telephone. First one identifies oneself and then asks for the person with whom one wishes to speak.
Phoebe: (In a British accent)This is Phoebe Buffay. I was wondering, please, if-if it’s not too much trouble, please, umm,might I speak to Miss Emily Waltham, please?
Housekeeper: Miss Waltham is at the rehearsal dinner and it’s not polite to make fun of people. Goodbye.
Phoebe: No,no,no, I’ll be nice, I swear!!! Could you just give me the number for where they are?
Housekeeper: I’m afraid, I’m not at liberty to divulge that information.
Phoebe: Ok, somebody is on their way to ruin wedding okay. And I have to warn somebody, alright. So if you don’t give me that number then I’m going to come over there and kick your snooty ass all the way to New Glocken...shire.
Housekeeper: Hangs up[1]
We can see from the above dialogue that British English is more serious and formal than American English. The American speaks at will while the Englishmen speak gently. As we all know the two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. There seems to be little differences between the two varieties but the influences are very different. On some occasion we may have some mistakes in communication, in order to help the English speakers and learners understand the two varieties better and to eliminate troubles that may prevent communication and English writing, so I will make analysis on the grammar differences between British English and American English.
2. British English and American English
Nowadays English has developed into a global language. The fact that such a large number of people all around the world speak English means that there are many dialects and varieties. The two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. As a message carrier, English fully reflects the unique culture possessed by the British and American countries. Since in Dissertations on the English Language, Noah Webster pointed out “several circumstances render a feature separation of the American tongue from the English necessary and unavoidable.”
2.1 The History of British English
English is a West Germanic language which originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. The original Old English language was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree, though it was never a truly mixed language in the strict linguistic sense of the word, as mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication.
Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility, resulting in an enormous and varied vocabulary. It mainly divided into four periods.
(1)Proto-English (the 5th century AD)[2]
The languages of Germanic tribes gave rise to the English language (the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes and perhaps even the Franks), who traded and fought with the Latin-speaking Roman Empire in the centuries-long process of the Germanic peoples' expansion into Western Europe. Many Latin words for common objects entered the vocabulary of these Germanic peoples before any of their tribes reached Britain; examples include camp, cheese, cook, fork, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, mint (coin), noon, pillow, pin, pound, punt (boat), street and wall. The Romans also gave the English language words which they had themselves borrowed from other languages: anchor, butter, chest, devil, dish, sack and wine.
(2)Old English(AD 450—1100)[2]
The invaders' Germanic language replaced the indigenous Brythonic languages. (form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family, the other being Goidelic)The original Celtic languages remained in parts of Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. The dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons formed what is now called Old English. Later, it was strongly influenced by the North Germanic language Norse, spoken by the Vikings (is one of the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the late eighth to the early eleventh century.)who invaded and settled mainly in the north-east of England. The new and the earlier settlers spoke languages from different branches of the Germanic family; many of their lexical roots were the same or similar, although their grammars were more distinct, including the prefix, suffix and inflection patterns for many words. The Germanic language of these Old English-speaking inhabitants was influenced by contact with Norse invaders, which might have been responsible for some of the morphological simplification of Old English, including the loss of grammatical gender and explicitly marked case (with the notable exception of the pronouns). The most famous surviving work from the Old English period is a fragment of the epic poem "Beowulf" composed by an unknown poet; it is thought to have been substantially modified, probably by Christian clerics long after its composition.
(3)Middle English(AD 1066-1470)[2]
For about 300 years following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and their high nobility spoke only one of the langues d'oïl called Anglo-Norman, whilst English continued to be the language of the common people. Various contemporary sources suggest that within fifty years of the invasion, most of the Normans outside the royal court spoke English, with French remaining the prestige language of government and law, largely out of social inertia. For example, Orderic Vitalis, a historian born in 1075 and the son of a Norman knight, said that he learned French only as a second language. A tendency for French-derived words to have more formal connotations has continued to the present day; most modern English speakers would consider a "cordial reception" (from French) to be more formal than a "hearty welcome" (Germanic). Another example is the very unusual construction of the words for animals being separated from the words for their food products e.g. beef and pork (from the French bœuf and porc) being the products of the Germanically named animals 'cow' and 'pig'.
(4)Modern English(1500 up to the present)[2]
Modern English can be divided into two parts: early modern english(1500-1800)and late modern English. Modern English is often dated from the Great Vowel Shift, which took place mainly during the 15th century. English was further transformed by the spread of a standardized London-based dialect in government and administration and by the standardizing effect of printing. By the time of William Shakespeare (mid-late 16th century), the language had become clearly recognizable as Modern English.
English has continuously adopted foreign words, especially from Latin and Greek, since the Renaissance. (In the 17th century, Latin words were often used with the original inflections, but these eventually disappeared). As there are many words from different languages and English spelling is variable, the risk of mispronunciation is high, but remnants of the older forms remain in a few regional dialects, most notably in the West Country.
In 1755, Samuel Johnson published the first significan t English dictionary, his Dictionary of the English Language.
2.2 The history of American English
During the 17th century, or more precisely on May 14, 1607, the first English settlers landed in Virginia. This was a group of 104 London entrepreneurs and they established the first English colony in Jamestown. Later on, in 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers, settlers from England, landed in Massachusetts, and also brought the English language over the Atlantic Ocean to America and another variety of English was born, American English. This variety is the largest of all the English varieties, since as many as 70% of the native English speakers live in the US. American English has preserved a number of words and features from the English spoken in England at the time of the settlement, which have now been changed in British English.
The history of American English can be divided into the colonial (1607-1776), the national (1776-1898), and the international (1898-present) periods. During nearly four hundred years of use in North America, the English language changed in small ways in pronunciation and grammar but extensively in vocabulary and in the attitude of its speakers. English settlements along the Atlantic Coast during the seventeenth century provided the foundation for English as a permanent language in the New World. But the English of the American colonies was bound to become distinct from that of the motherland. When people do not talk with one another, they begin to talk differently. The Atlantic Ocean served as an effective barrier to oral communication between the colonists and those who stayed in England, ensuring that their speech would evolve in different directions.[3]
Americans also came cheek-to-jowl with "Amerindians" of several linguistic stocks, as well as French and Dutch speakers. They had to talk in new ways to communicate with their new neighbors. Moreover, the settlers had come from various districts and social groups of England, so there was a homogenizing effect: those in a given colony came to talk more like one another and less like any particular community in England. All these influences combined to make American English a distinct variety of the language. In the United States, there are also regional differences, and these are ultimately descendants of a mixture of accents spoken in the British Isles at the time of the settlement of America. Dialect boundaries in the US tend to run from east to west. The first immigrants settled along the Atlantic coast and they spread from east to west across the continent and took some dialect forms, for example words and pronunciation features, with them. The dialect areas in North America are much larger than they are in England, mainly because English has been spoken in England for about 1,500 years, but in America for only approximately 300 years. Because of America’s recent settlement, there has not been enough time for linguistic changes and this is why there are not so many dialect differences in this large country.
3. Grammar differences between British English and American English
English grammar is the set of rules within the English language itself. "An English grammar"(one kind of grammar system)is a specific study or analysis of these rules. In linguistics, grammar refers to the logical and structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes lexicology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. I mainly make analysis on the lexical and syntactical differences between British English and American English.
3.1 Lexical Differences
Lexicology is that part of linguistics which studies words, their nature and meaning, words’ elements, relations between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon. Lexical differences mean relating to the words’ differences of a language.
3.1.1 The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms
Collective nouns such as “team, faculty, family, government” often take plural verb agreement and plural pronoun substitution in Britain English, but they nearly always take singular agreement and singular pronoun substitution in American English. There is a tendency in Britain English, to stress the individuality of the members, which is reflected in plural verb agreement and pronoun substitution, whereas American English Strongly tends to stress the unitary function of the group, which is reflected in singular verb and pronoun forms.[4] 6
Some examples:
Your team is doing well this year, isn’t it? (AmE)
Your team are doing well this year, aren’t they? (BrE)
3.1.2 Differences in Verb
In syntax, a verb is a word (part of speech) that usually denotes an action (bring, read), an occurrence (decompose, glitter), or a state of being (exist, stand). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object).
3.1.2.1 Differences in the Inflectional Endings of Verbs
The past tense and past participle of the verbs are different in BrE and AmE.
The past tense and past participle of the verbs learn, spoil, spell, burn, dream, smell, spill, leap, and others, can be either irregular (learnt, spoilt, etc.) or regular (learned, spoiled, etc.). In BrE, the irregular and regular forms are current; in some cases (smelt, leapt) there is a strong tendency towards the irregular forms (especially by speakers using Received Pronunciation); in other cases (dreamed, leaned, learned) the regular forms are somewhat more common. In AmE, the irregular forms are never or rarely used (except for burnt and leapt).
Nonetheless, as with other usages considered nowadays to be typically British, the t endings are often found in older American texts. However, usage may vary when the past participles are actually adjectives, as in burnt toast.( Note that the two-syllable form learned ['lə:nid] usually written simply as learnt, is still used as an adjective to mean "educated", or to refer to academic institutions, in both BrE and AmE.)Finally, the past tense and past participle of dwell and kneel are more commonly dwelt and knelt on both sides of the Atlantic, although dwelled and kneeled are widely used in the US (but not in the UK).
In British English, the past tense of “get’’ is “got”, while American English usually use its past participle “gotten”.
For example,
A. John has got much better during the last week. (BrE)
B. John has gotten much better during the last week. (AmE)
According to the custom that British English usually uses “got” while American English “gotten”, we can quickly tell the nationality of the speaker. The former is British and the later is American. When Americans use “got”, they mean “own, possess and dominate”, such as the following two examples:
They’ve got no pride.
I’ve got plenty of material if I can just handle it.
3.1.2.2 Different use of present perfect tenses
Traditionally, BrE uses the present perfect tense to talk about an event in the recent past(express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment) and with the words already, just, and yet. For example:
British English:[5]
I've just had lunch
I've already seen that film
Have you finished your homework yet?
American English:[5]
I just had lunch or I've just had lunch.
I've already seen that film OR I already saw that film.
Have your finished your homework yet? Or did you finish your homework yet?
In American usage, these meanings can be expressed with the present perfect (to express a fact) or the simple past (to imply an expectation). This American style has become widespread only in the past 20 to 30 years; the British style is still in common use as well. In British English the present perfect is used to.
"I've just arrived home." / "I just arrived home."
"I've already eaten." / "I already ate." [6]
Recently, the American use of just with simple past has made inroads into BrE, most visibly in advertising slogans and headlines such as "Cable broadband just got faster".
Similarly, AmE occasionally replaces the pluperfect with the preterite. Also, US spoken usage sometimes, especially with the contracted forms, substitutes the conditional for the pluperfect (If I would have cooked the pie we could have had it for lunch), but this tends to be avoided in writing.[6]
3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs
The following verbs show differences in transitivity between BrE and AmE.[6]
agree: transitive or intransitive in BrE, usually intransitive in AmE (agree a contract/agree to or on a contract). However, in formal AmE legal writing one often sees constructions like as may be agreed between the parties (rather than as may be agreed upon between the parties).
appeal(as a decision): usually intransitive in BrE (used with against) and transitive in AmE (appeal against the decision to the Court/appeal the decision to the Court).
cater("to provide food and service"): intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (to cater for a banquet/to cater a banquet).
claim: sometimes intransitive in BrE (used with for), strictly transitive in AmE.
protest: in the sense of "oppose", intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (The workers protested against the decision/The workers protested the decision). The intransitive protest against in AmE means, "to hold or participate in a demonstration against". The older sense "proclaim" is always transitive (protest one's innocence).
write: in BrE, the indirect object of this verb usually requires the preposition to, for example, I'll write to my MP or I'll write to her (although it is not required in some situations, for example when an indirect object pronoun comes before a direct object noun, for example, I'll write her a letter). In AmE, write can be used monotransitively (I'll write my congressman; I'll write him).
3.1.2.4 Different use of “have”.
British English usually uses “Have you any children?” or “Have you got any
children?” while Americans commonly express the same meaning with “Do you have any children?”Let us see some other examples.
How many brothers do you have? (AmE)
How many brothers have you? (BrE)
You don’t have much room here. (AmE)
You haven’t (got) much room here. (BrE)
3.1.3 Different use of function words
Function words (or grammatical words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Words that are not function words are called content words (or lexical words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical words in general terms only. Now I will compare the different use of function words in BrE and AE in detail as follows.
3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb
Differences between British and American English in prepositions are shown in the following two aspects: (1) different use of prepositions in the construction of phrases; (2) when using phrases, one will use a preposition while the other will omit it.
(1)Let us first review the different use of prepositions.
Your daughter’s name stands first in the list. (BrE)
Your daughter’s name stands first on the list. (AmE)
These dresses are in a sale. (BrE)
These dresses are on sale. (AmE)
He will come here at a quarter to three. (BrE, AmE)
He will come here at a quarter before /of / till three. (AmE)
She lives just round the corner (BrE).[7]4
She lives just around the corner (AmE).
Similarly, “five past nine” can be expressed in American English by “five after nine” or “nine five”. In front of “weekend” and “Christmas”, British English uses “at” or “over”, while American English adopts “over” or “on”.
At the weekend / Christmas (BrE)
Over the weekend / Christmas (BrE, AmE)
On the weekend / Christmas (AmE)
(2) Omitting preposition[8]2
In British English, before “day”, “week” or “certain day”, preposition “on” shall be used, while it is not so in American English.
The new term begins on September 1. (BrE)
The new term begins September 1. (AmE)
I’ll see you on Monday. (BrE)
I’ll see you Monday. (AmE)
In American English, when “home” is used as an adverb, the preposition “at” is not needed. But, in British English, “at” is required before “home”. Hence, “at home” is used in British English.
Is he home? (AmE)
Is he at home? (BrE)
3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb
In linguistics, an auxiliary is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic information about the main or full verb following it. There are three types: Modal auxiliaries,have and go.
No matter in the frequency or the tendency of auxiliary verb, AmE differs from BrE. Their differences are stated as follows:.
(1)shall
Shall in BrE, is widely used in the fist person to raise questions, answer questions ,or to express future, while in AmE it is only used in the law file or informal style paper. In formal style paper, people usually use will or should. Such as:
Br.E:1)I shall tell you later.
Am.E:1)I will tell you later.
2)Shall I drink this now?
2)Should I drink this now?
(2)would[9]2
Would has two special usages in AmE, firstly it can show the usual action in the past. such as: When I was small, I would go there everyday.
However in BrE, the past tense or used to can express the past uaual action, therefore in BrE the above sentence should be changed into: When I was small, I went there everyday. Or When I was wmall, I used to go there everyday.
Secondly, would in AmE can express hypothesis in some informal language, quite like a kind of subjunctive mood, however in BrE not.
Try to compare:
Am.E:1)I wish I would have done it.
2)If I would have seen one, I would have bought it for you.
Br.E(it also the same with AmE):1)I wish I had done it.
2)If I had seen one, I would have bought it for you.
In Br.E, “would” and “will” can express suppose, while in Am.E the auxiliary verb “should” and “must” express supposition. Try to compare:
Br.E:1)That will be the postman at the door.
2)That would be zhongshan Road over there.
Am.E: 1)That must be (should be)the mailman at the door.
2)That should be(must be)Zhongshan Rood over there.
(3)used to
“Used to” in AmE is not seen as Modal auxiliary, but seen as notional word. To the opposite, in Br.E, used to is just seen as modal auxiliary, can offer or deny questions, also can be used as notional word but people use “do” to offer or deny questions. For example:
1)He used to go there.(notional verb)
Did he use to go there.(notional verb)
2)Used he to go there.(auxiliary verb)
He used not to go there.(auxiliary verb)
(4)ought to[9]6
“Ought to” is widely used in BrE to raise or deny questions, but in AmE use “should” to substitute for it, such as:
Br.E:1)Ought we to eat lunch?
Am.E:1)Should we eat lunch?
2)You ought not(oughtn’t) to have said that. 2)You shouldn’t have said that.
In AmE, ought to and used to are all used as notional verbs in the informal papers and such forms are said to be not standard forms. For example:
1)Did you ought to say that?
2)You didn’t ought to have said that.
(5) Different use of the indefinite pronoun “one”
In BrE we can use “one” to indicate the “one” of the former writing again while in AmE we usually use “he” or “his” to instead the “one” of the former writing. For instance:
One cannot succeed unless one works hard.(BrE)
One cannot succeed unless he works hard.(AmE)
3.1.3.3 Differences in articles[19]
(1)The omitting of articles
Most phrases of British English have articles, while those of American English do not have. The “the” in the standard expressions in British English “all the afternoon”, “all the winter”, “all the week”, “this time of the year”, ect. But the articles are usually omitted in American English. For example:
The swimming pools are open all summer.
I’ll be here all afternoon.
He has been gone all week.
British English will use articles in front of “sickness”, “river” and etc., while American English does not. For example,
British English expresses in the form of “the measles”, “the mumps”, “the flu”, “the Niagara Falls” and “the Black Creek”, while American English says “measles”, “mumps”, “flu”, “Niagara Falls” and “Black Creek”.
However, there are exceptions. In some expressions, British English does not use articles, while American English does.
BrE AmE
Go into hospital Go into the hospital
In hospital In the hospital
At university At the university
Sentences are as follows:
Next day, the rain began. (BrE)
The next day, the rain began. (AmE)
In future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (BrE)
In the future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (AmE)
(2) The position of articles
British English and American English are different from each other in the use of “a” or “an” with “half”. In British English, “a” follows “half”, for example, “half a dozen”, “half an hour”, “half a mile”, and “half a pound”. In American English, “a” is put in front of “half”, for example, “a half dozen”, “a half hour”, “a half mile” and “a half pound”.
3.2 Syntactical differences
Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication. Thus, a sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can perform a communicative function. I will explain the syntactic differences as follows.
3.2.1Differences in compound object[20]
The Verb“ -to do” usually used as compound object in British English, While past participle or past participle phrase mostly used as compound object in American English. Try to compare:
1)He also had ordered his luggage to be labeled for crew.(Bronte.) (BrE)
2)Last year an American hotel manager ordered his quests evacuated after an anonymous bomb threat.(AmE)
3)I have a roll that was in dead storage during the war which I ordered put back in running order. (O' Hara) (AmE)
The two compound structures (compound object with past participle and compound object with –to do) are both used in the BrE and AmE, while the AmE use compound object more frequent ly than BrE. However, there are some differences in the routine usage of Verb related to this phrase structure. The verb “to order” usually linked with the compound structure with past participle in AmE, but linked with the compound structure with “verb -to do” in BrE.
3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements[11]
Where a statement of intention involves two separate activities, it is acceptable for speakers of AmE to use to go plus bare infinitive. Speakers of BrE would instead use to go and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say I'll go take a bath, BrE speakers would say I'll go and have a bath. (Both can also use the form to go to instead to suggest that the action may fail, as in He went to take/have a bath, but the bath was full of children.) Similarly, to come plus bare infinitive is acceptable to speakers of AmE, where speakers of BrE would instead use to come and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say come see what I bought, BrE speakers would say come and see what I've bought (notice the present perfect tense: a common British preference).
As to whether a preposition is used before days denoted by a single word, British people would say she resigned on Thursday, while Americans often say she resigned Thursday, but both forms are common in American usage. Occasionally, in AmE the preposition is also absent when referring to months: I'll be here December (although this usage is generally limited to colloquial speech).But, it will say “I’ll be here on December.” in BrE.
In the UK, from is used with single dates and times more often than in the United States. Where British speakers and writers may say the new museum will be open from Tuesday, Americans most likely say the new museum will be open starting Tuesday. (This difference does not apply to phrases of the pattern from A to B, which are used in both BrE and AmE.) A variation or alternative of this is the most American will say “the play opens Tuesday” and the most British will say “the play opens on Tuesday”. American legislators and lawyers always use the preposition of between the name of a legislative act and the year it was passed, while their British colleagues do not. We can see such differences by making comparison between Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Disability Discrimination Act 1995.
3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood used more in AmE than in BrE, which is mainly used in the formal style paper.
In subjunctive mood, American English will rarely reserve traditional subjunctive words.
I suggest that meeting be postponed. (AmE)
I suggest that meeting should be postponed. (BrE)
I wish I had done it. (AmE)
I wish I would have done it. (BrE)
4. The grammatical differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English
Black English also called African American Vernacular English which is an African American variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English.There are four points in which black English differs from British English.
1)Negation
In addition, negatives are formed differently from standard American English:
Use of ain't as a general negative indicator. It can be used where Standard English would use am not, isn't, aren't, haven't and hasn't, a trait which is not specific to AAVE. However, in marked contrast to other varieties of English in the U.S., some speakers of AAVE also use ain't instead of don't, doesn't, or didn't (e.g., I ain't know that).[14] Ain't had its origins in common English, but became increasingly stigmatized since the 19th century. See also amn't.
Negative concord, popularly called "double negation", as in I didn't go nowhere; if the sentence is negative, all negatable forms are negated. This contrasts with Standard English, where a double negative is considered a positive (although this wasn't always so; see double negative). There is also "triple" or "multiple negation", as in the phrase I don't know nothing about no one no more, which would be "I don't know anything about anybody anymore" in Standard English.
In a negative construction, an indefinite pronoun such as nobody or nothing can be inverted with the negative verb particle for emphasis (eg. Don't nobody know the answer, Ain't nothin' goin' on.)
While these are features that AAVE has in common with Creole languages,[15] Howe and Walker use data from early recordings of African Nova Scotian English, Samaná English, and the recordings of former slaves to demonstrate that negation was inherited from nonstandard colonial English.
Some of these characteristics, notably doubl e negatives and the omission of certain auxiliaries such as the has in has been are also characteristic of general colloquial American English.
2)The omission of copula in black English
You crazy! ("You're crazy") or She my sister ("She's my sister"). The phenomenon is also observed in questions: Who you? ("Who're you?") and Where you at? ("Where are you (at)?"). On the other hand, a stressed is cannot be dropped: She is my sister.
Only the forms is and are (the latter of which, in any case, is often replaced by is) can be omitted. These forms cannot be omitted when they are pronounced with a stress (whether or not the stress serves specifically to impart an emphatic sense to the verb's meaning).
These forms cannot be omitted when the corresponding form in Standard English cannot show contraction (and vice-versa). For example, I don't know where he is cannot be reduced to (BrE) I don't know where he because in Standard English the corresponding reduction I don't know where he's is likewise impossible. (Though I don't know where he at is possible.) Possibly some other minor conditions apply as well.[16]
3)Present-tense verbs uninflected for number/person
there is no -s ending in the present-tense third-person singular. Example: She write poetry ("She writes poetry"). Similarly, was is used for what in standard English are contexts for both was and were.[17]
4)The word it or is denoting the existence of something
This usage is equivalent to Standard English there in "there is", or "there are". It is also found in the English of the US South. Examples its a doughnut in the cabinet ("There's a doughnut in the cabinet") and It ain't no spoon ("There isn't a spoon", also "They ain't no spoon").[17]
5) Altered syntax in questions
Why they ain't growin'? ("Why aren't they growing?") and Who the hell she think she is? ("Who the hell does she think she is?") lack the inversion of standard English. Because of this, there is also no need for the auxiliary DO.[18]
To put it simply, we can summarize the grammatical differences between British and American daily English as follows[19]:
(1) Sometimes, British and American English use different grammatical forms to express the same meaning;
(2) Sometimes, the same grammatical form expresses different meanings in British and American English;
(3) In some structures, either British English or American English will use integrated grammatical form, while the other adopts the omitted form;
(4) Sometimes, American and British English use the same grammatical form to express the same concept and meaning.
However, one of them may have another expression form, while the other does not. We could only avoid misunderstanding by paying attention to those differences in our study.
5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English
The English language changes as the rapid development of politics, economic, culture in Britain and American. After it goes through the three periods (old English, middle English and modern English),it also changes everyday, especially in the related ten years, the changes of English becomes more obvious. Although the English structure is not as obvious as the lexical development, it does not ignore. On the aspect of grammar, English experience the changes from the verb inflections of old English to use word in order to express meaning in the past 1500years, and English also become analytic language from synthetic language. Such experience makes English flexible, meanwhile it also broke the traditional grammar frame, the former disagreed rules transferred into acceptable English even native English. The speed on renewing lexical words is very fast.
On the whole, British English and American English fuse with each other, and they tend to be brief, clear and more flexible for use.
6.Conclusion
As the globalization and information world developed, more and more people from different countries use the same language―English to communicate and exchange ideas with each other. The above discussion about grammar difference between British English and American English is what I have found and concluded. Although there are many differences in detailed aspects in the use of daily British and American English, they are similar to each other in most of aspects. Therefore, they shall only be considered as different forms of the same language rather than two different languages. In addition, we cannot say which one is better or advanced. Any judgment or opinion that “British English is better or worse than American English” is biased. The purpose of this paper is to help English learners understand the two varieties better and eliminate some mistakes caused in communication or paper writing.
The differences between the British English and American English are caused by politics, economy, social life, culture, and geography. American English developed from British English, but it differs from British English. All in all, sinc e English is characterized by its huge vocabulary, great tolerance, and conciseness, it leaves little room for argument that English will be well on its way to be a diversified common language.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Zhu Min, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Mao Can、Gao YunPing and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
[1] 周乐, 美式英语与英式英语比较与分析[J]. 湖南商学院外语系,2008.
[2] Wikipedia Contributors
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_English_language
[3] blog.languagetranslation.com/public/item/118655
[4] 王振明和公丽艳,英式英语与美式英语的差异[J]. 山东教育学院学报,2002.
[5] esl.about.com/od/toeflieltscambridge/a/dif_ambrit.htm
[6]en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences#Use_of_tenses
[7] 孟宪友,英语与美语的差别对比研究[J]. 广州大学外国语学院英语系,2002.
, Jour.of N.W. SCI-TECH Uni.of Agri.and Fore,2001.
, Journal of Shijiazhuang Teachers College,2001
, Journal of Wuhu Vocational Institute of Technology,2007
[11]Wikipedia Contributors
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences
, Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Social Sciences), 2007
[13]张振邦,新编语法教程[M].上海,上海教育出版社,1993
, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
[15] Winford, Donald (1992), "Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited", Language Variation and Change 4 (3): 311-357
[16] Geoff Pullum, "Why Ebonics Is No Joke" Lingua Franca transcript, 17 October 1998, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
[17] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Negation
[18] Green, Lisa J., African American English: A Linguistic Introduction[M], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002
篇8
髙等院校本科毕业论文是人才培养方案实践 教学中重要的一个环节,其主要目的是培养学生综 合运用所学知识和技能,理论联系实际,独立分析 和解决实际问题的能力,使学生得到从事本专业工 作和进行相关技能的基本训练,是完成学位认定的 必需环节[1]。近年来,因受到多种因素的影响,本科 毕业论文的质量普遍呈下降趋势,毕业论文的实施 和审核难以体现对学生综合能力的评价,行业和企业也难以通过毕业论文的内容和水平,进行人才的 选择和评价,进而影响了人才培养质量,降低了专 业的社会影响力。因此,需要对影响毕业论文质量 的因素进行系统分析和综合评价,并提出相应的对 策,以提高本科毕业论文的质量和水平,进而提高人才培养质量。
1毕业论文实施过程中存在的问题
通过对毕业论文的选题进行分析,调查和走访动物药学专业毕业生,召开毕业论文指导教师座谈 会等方法对毕业论文实施过程中存在的问题进行 了分析和总结。
1.1毕业论文选题多样化不足对毕业论文的选
题类型进行调查,90%的毕业论文均为实验性类 型,针对某一问题开展设计实验条件,开展实验研 究,研究内容多为基础性研究,而调查报告、实践研 究、案例分析等类型的毕业论文只占10%[2_3]。从课 题来源看,指导教师科研方向和科研课题选题占 91%,来自生产实践的课题为7%,自选课题仅占 2%,课题来源、类型相对单一影响了学生自主进行毕业论文试验研究的积极性。调查表明,学生主观 上希望能够对自己感兴趣的研究课题进行研究试 验工作,并在毕业论文的选题上能有更大的自主 性,但是由于知识背景、实践经历和创新思维培养 上还有诸多的不足,很多学生对自主选题感到困 惑,不知道选择什么样的题目有实践意义和科学价 值。毕业论文指导教师与学生交流的时间短,对学 生的引导不足也是影响学生选题质量的一个重要 影响因素。
1.2毕业论文执行过程中外界环境干扰毕业论
文和毕业实习开始的时间为第7学期中旬和第8 学期,在这段时间内,学生面临着研究生考试、公务 员考试和兽医资格证考试等一系列关系到毕业后 进一步发展方向选择的重要考试内容,学生很难把 精力集中到毕业论文的设计、实施和撰写上来。尤 其是部分毕业论文的依托单位为企业,学生进人企 业后,更多的是进行岗前的培训为毕业后的就业做 准备,而开展毕业论文实验所需的投人时间、精力 和条件在实习期间也难以得到企业的支持。学生即 使在主观上希望能够有足够的时间投人来完成毕 业论文,但考试准备、面试奔波、参加招聘会和进行 岗前培训等客观存在面前,使得学生在就业和发展 的巨大压力下自觉不自觉地放弃了深入开展毕业 论文研究工作的主动性,导致毕业论文的工作量、 研究的深度和广度都与学校的预期相差较大,因此 毕业论文的质量下降也是在所难免。
1.3毕业论文评价过于宽泛毕业论文是反映学 生对学习知识综合能力的具体体现,是授予学位的 一个重要条件,然而在对毕业论文进行评价时,很少 或没有学生因为毕业论文质量和水平在答辩时没 有获得答辩委员会的认可,而失去获得学位的资格, 因此造成学生越来越忽视毕业论文的重要性。通过 近5年的毕业论文完成情况调查数据表明w],毕业论文答辩首次通过率高达99.5%。而毕业论文成 绩的核定也远高于学校的预期设定,优良率高达 87%。这些数据表明,在进行毕业论文的水平和质 量的评价上,评价的标准虽然很严格,但评委进行 考核时评价的尺度较为宽泛,优秀、良好、中等、及 格和不及格等评价指标界限的执行过于模糊,导致 成绩分布不能体现为正态分布,峰值偏向于高分, 不能够体现出考核的目的和意义。
1.4毕业论文作用趋于功利在很多学生的概念 中,进行毕业论文研究与实验课、理论课没什么区 别,都是在本科4年学习生涯中的一个被动的考核 环节,通过就是目标,对做什么内容,选择什么类型 题目,并没有更多的思考,更谈不上有目的、有计划 地进行自主研究。部分学生由于面临找工作等问 题,常常要求指导教师不要给较大工作量的题目, 只要能够通过答辩就行了。有的学生则认为,毕业 论文的选题和他工作关联性小,用不上,不愿意承 担毕业论文研究实验工作。由于带有功利性的选题 目的,将毕业论文作为本科高等教育一个综合性的 培养,在锻炼学生分析问题、解决问题能力的重要 环节的效用性打了折扣。
2解决问题的对策
2.1以个性选题激发学生的积极性个性化教育
突出对个人意愿的尊重,提供更具有选择性的教育 环境,在培养目标上更侧重于对创新能力的培养。
以个性化教学模式激发学生开展毕业论文研 究的积极性和主动性,首先要在教学过程中进行创 新思维和创新能力的培养,在掌握基础理论和基本 技能的同时,能够自主进行综合性设计性实验的设 计、开展、分析和数据处理工作,提升观察、分析和 解决问题的能力。
在选题方面要给学生提供充足的研究方向,为 个性化研究提供良好的环境。动物药学专业的学生 选题可参考以下几个方面:①临床药学方面:药物 治疗效果的连续监测、进行处方分析、关注药品可 能的不良反应、药物配伍后相互作用等研究;②制 剂研究:优化制剂处方,摸索含量的测定,优化制剂 工艺参数,对中药的使用和开发进行基础性研究 等;③其他方面:宠物疾病的诊疗与用药分析、动物 组织病理切片及观察,动物中毒生理应激反应等。
在选题类型方面要允许学生除进行试验研究 性论文外,还可以选择工艺设计、调查报告、诊断分 析等多种论文形式,只要能够满足论文的科学性、 创新性和工作量,形式不要限制过严。
2.2以校企合作提高课题的效用性
应用型本科人才培养一个重要的措施是进行校企合作,在经过 3年的基础知识学习和基本技能训练后,在第7学 期和第8学期与企业紧密结合开展实践能力训练, 第8学期既是学生与企业开展密切联系的时期,也 是开始本科毕业论文研究工作的时期,而对于部分 执行“3+1”的人才培养模式的专业而言,最后一年 的实践学生都将在企业进行培训,该种模式必将与 毕业论文产生冲突。在这种形式下,要积极利用学 生在企业进行实习的机会,与生产全面展开接触, 在生产中提出问题、发现问题,并去解决问题。有的 企业配备了毕业实习指导教师,借助企业和学校的 设备和技术力量进行技术攻关和市场调研,实现以 企业为主导,企业、学生和学校三方共同设定毕业 论文选题,在完成企业培训任务的同时,实施毕业 论文的研究和调查工作,在返校进行毕业论文答辩 时,邀请企业指导教师参加答辩环节,对其成果进 行评述,根据成果内容决定是否采纳并实施。通过 该种方式增强了毕业论文的效用性,与生产实践紧 密结合起来,使学生毕业论文的成果能够在工作中 得到具体应用,并为其将来在企业职场发展提供了 科技支撑。
2.3以学期延伸拓展实施的时效性毕业论文选
题和实施的实践集中在第7学期和第8学期,学生 面临诸多干扰因素,在时间和精力上投人不足,针 对这种情况,动物药学专业制定了科研导师制,鼓 励学生在大学二年级与专业教师联系(实施导师 制),进入实验室,通过“协助一关注一选择一实施” 的选题流程,确定自己的毕业论文研究内容,这个 过程可以反复进行,也可中断某一环节重新开始, 对选题的科研意义、创新点、材料的准备和实验环 境进行充分的论证,使论文选题的科学性和可行性 不断增强,同时也为论文内容的充实和完成提供宽 裕的时限。科研导师制是以培养学生科研意识和科 研能力为核心的教育模式,通过提前开展课题研究 工作,可以帮助学生积累进行科学研究的经验,学 习科学研究方法,并且能够在一个相对单一稳定的 环境中进行论文研究,以保障论文的质量和工作量。
篇9
PDCA循环是一种质量管理和改进的科学方法,最早是由美国贝尔实验室的休哈特博士提出,后经戴明博士在日本推广应用的一种质量管理方法,又称为“戴明环”。PDCA原理是系统性的过程管理方法,可简述为:P(Plan)是策划,根据要求和组织的方针,建立提供结果所必要的目标和过程。D(Do)是实施;实施过程。C(Check)是检查;根据方针、目标和产品要求,对过程和产品进行监视和测量,并报告结果。A(Action)是处理,采取措施,以持续改进过程业绩[5]。毕业论文(设计)中的每一个阶段、每一个环节的质量完成得如何,均直接影响毕业论文(设计)的质量以及学生综合素质和创新能力的提高[6]。
PDCA循环不仅是质量管理活动规律的科学总结和开展质量管理活动的科学程序,也是一种科学管理的工作方法。PDCA在管理过程中分为八个步骤。第一步:分析现状,找出存在的问题。第二步:找出并分析产生问题的各种影响因素。第三步:找出各种原因中的关键因素。第四步:针对主要影响因素提出质量改进的计划和措施。第五步:执行所制定的计划和措施。第六步:根据计划要求检查执行情况。第七步:总结经验,巩固成绩,把效果好的措施纳入各项标准(技术、管理或工作标准)。第八步:提出遗留问题,并将其转入下一个PDCA循环予以解决。本文引入全面质量管理理论中的质量提升方法“PDCA循环”,从PDCA循环的四个环节探讨其对毕业论文质量提升作用,旨在用现代的质量管理理论为毕业论文(设计)质量的提升找到一些新的途径。
一、P阶段——计划阶段
该阶段的主要任务是找出存在的问题,通过分析,制定改进的目标,确定达到这些目标的措施和方法。这一阶段的主要工作包括毕业论文(设计)工作的计划与安排、毕业论文选题工作。在选题方面,应遵循以下原则:一是符合专业培养目标,体现专业特点;二是理论联系实际,真题真做,锻炼学生解决实际问题的能力;三是分量和难度适当,任务明确、要求具体,因材施教;四是具有一定新颖性、综合性,符合社会发展、科学技术进步需要,使学生获得全面训练。这一过程中对选题有严格的审核程序,对不符合要求的进行修改或放弃,确保毕业论文题目质量。选题与教师的科研和社会生产实际相结合,使毕业论文的选题具有前沿性、科学性和实用性,让学生参与科学研究,实际上就是市场机制的引入,与社会企业的合作,不仅使学生的选题范围大大拓宽,提高了学生的学习兴趣和学习效率,有利于充分发挥学生的个人专长,还可以把毕业论文(设计)与毕业实习、就业结合起来,有效解决市场急需要解决的问题,让学生以知识和创新能力去参与社会竞争,在思考中体会到成功和自信,减轻了就业和完成毕业(设计)论文相冲突的压力。
选题工作具体分四步进行:确定题目、审核题目、学生选题以及分配题目。
确定题目:导师确定的题目应有一定的深度、广度,使得学生通过应用所学的基础理论和专业知识,能在规定的时间内得到充分的锻炼。与教学要求基本相符的实际项目设计或研究课题最为理想,因为直接参与实际设计或研究能更好地调动学生的积极性、主动性,也有利于培养他们的工作责任心和提高实际工作能力,同时也能强化学生基本训练,掌握专业基本功。题目还应尽可能反映当代科技发展水平,让学生了解、把握国内外在该研究领域的最新成果和发展动态。
审核题目:对指导教师上报的题目进行严格筛选,淘汰不符合培养计划要求的题目。
学生选题:也是毕业论文(设计)课题的分配过程,鼓励采取双向选择的办法,先将审核通过的题目公布,学生根据自己的情况和兴趣,申报选择意向。
分配题目:各学院根据学生本人的实际能力、考试成绩及课题的类型、分量、难易程度,并结合导师意见,进行综合平衡,对于成绩较好的学生,布置有难度的题目,并为其留有发挥的余地;对成绩不好的学生,布置使他们经过努力才能完成的题目,通过毕业论文(设计)起到对知识的复习与弥补的作用。对于一些大题目,可让几个学生在一个大题目下完成不同的子课题,应明确每个学生须独立完成的内容,注意学生相互协调。
这一阶段质量监控体现在对审题的监控上。学校课程里教学督导组对指导教师上报的题目、学生选题情况进行全校随机抽查,以保证课题设置基本适当,难易适度,符合教学要求;教务处负责对教师上报题目及学生选题情况进行全校抽查;学院主要是对教师上报题目及学生选题情况进行院内抽查,及时发现问题,并给出意见和建议,问题严重的,令其修改。
二、D阶段——实施阶段
该阶段的任务是按照P阶段制定的计划、方案去执行。计划的执行阶段是毕业设计质量控制的重点,即知道5W1H,What(做什么)、Why(为什么做)、Who(谁做)、Where(在哪里做)、When(何时完成)、How(如何做)。毕业论文(设计)过程中,指导教师是主导,学生是主体,组织管理是保障,质量标准是依据。指导教师按照工作职责对学生认真指导、严格要求,注重学生能力培养和素质教育。认真指导学生进行课题调研、文献查阅、方案设计、开题报告、实验测试、论文撰写、论文答辩等各项工作;学生按照毕业论文(设计)要求发挥积极主动性,严格遵守各项规章制度,做好课题的调研、文献查阅,及时认真、独立完成毕业论文(设计)有关实验和论文撰写,认真参加答辩。学生每周向指导教师汇报毕业论文(设计)遇到困难以及进度等,接受检查和指导。校院两级管理人员、督导专家对选题、开题、中期、答辩各环节进行专项检查和指导,实施质量控制。
三、C阶段——检查阶段
检查阶段(Check)该阶段是对完成的工作进行总结、整理,为下一阶段工作提供信息依据。该阶段的任务是按照制定的措施计划对过程进行监督检查,并对执行的效果进行评估,最终评价是否达到预期的效果。毕业论文(设计)的检查阶段分为前期检查、中期检查、毕业答辩、答辩后的检查和抽查。
前期检查:学院要进行学生资格审查、毕业论文(设计)任务书审查,系检查指导教师到岗情况,课题进行所必需的条件是否具备,任务书是否下达到每个学生等。
中期检查:毕业设计的中期检查是必要的,中期检查把关严格,毕业设计的质量显然有保障。重点检查毕业论文(设计)的工作进度、开题报告、教师指导情况及工作中存在的困难和问题,并采取有效措施给予解决。对于工作态度差、未完成进度要求、论文内容有重大问题的学生给予警告,责令指导教师与学生一起制定整改措施,并作为毕业答辩的重点考察对象。后期检查:学校、学院、系根据本科生毕业论文(设计)撰写规范及任务书的要求,着重对毕业论文的质量和规范认真审查,对存在的问题进行深入分析,作为下一届毕业论文(设计)工作的整改重点。
答辩是全面检查和评价毕业论文(设计)质量的重要手段,严格的答辩有利于学生树立良好的学习态度,促进学生认真做好毕业论文。严格、规范答辩程序,但有些高校的答辩流于形式。答辩是毕业论文(设计)的最后一个环节,是全面检查和评估毕业论文质量的重要手段。严格、公开的答辩过程有利于学生树立良好的学风,科学客观的评价体系保证了毕业论文(设计)成绩的公正性,促进学生认真做好毕业论文。要求学生在教师的指导下认真填写各阶段的进展情况,并及时向全体老师反馈。这个反复的检查过程,一方面对学生的科学研究是一种无形的督促,另一方面,也避免了少数指导教师对毕业论文(设计)指导工作的忽视。提前安排使学生有一个充分的准备阶段,尤其是对于个别没抓紧的学生,是一种强有力的督促;同时也方便教师安排科研、教学及毕业论文指导工作。
论文抽查也是检查阶段的重要补充。学校在下一学期组织有关专家对已经通过的毕业设计进行抽查,同时组织校内外专家进行评审,将抽查、评审结果及时反馈给各学院和老师。
四、A阶段——处理阶段
处理阶段(Action)在PDCA循环中,A是一个循环的关键。该阶段的主要任务是把成功的经验加以肯定,形成标准;对发现的不足,也要认真地总结。为改进工作应再次确认5W1H,将其标准化,即制定成工作中的标准,对改进效果不显著的措施及改进实施过程中出现的问题,进行原因分析,寻求达标的方法,补充修订对策计划,转到下一个PDCA循环中加以解决。
此阶段是对整个毕业论文(设计)全过程的全面细致总结,通过总结和分析形成一定标准、制度或规定,以便巩固已有的成绩,防止错误再发生。检查的过程就是信息收集、加工和判断的过程,把执行结果与预定目标进行对比后,报告结果。可以实行毕业设论文全方位、多层次的信息反馈机制,学校抽查、学院检查和学生反馈相结合。
PDCA循环必须围绕制定的标准转动,通过对检查报告的分析研究,可以得出整个毕业设计工作中的成功经验和存在的问题,从而及时地总结经验、肯定成就、修正错误,以便在下一次循环中扬长避短。同时,对教师,要坚持责与利挂钩,要将毕业设计工作质量与个人利益相关联;对学生,通过设立优秀毕业设计奖与毕业设计重修制度,使得毕业设计工作得到应有的重视。最后,对本次毕业设计效果较好的措施和对策要纳入新一轮循环的标准、制度和规定之中,从而使成果得以巩固。对存在的问题,要放在下一轮PDCA循环过程中分析并解决,从而不断优化管理,使高职院校毕业设计质量持续提高。
在此环节主要控制途径有:(1)校院两级毕业论文管理机构、管理人员和督导专家对选题、开题、中期、答辩各环节进行专项督导检查,并对各学院毕业设计论文进行全面检查评估,发现的问题及时研究解决和处理。(2)在毕业论文(设计)过程检查特别是中期检查后及时纠偏整改。对中期检查过程中有问题的学生实行重点检查、答辩资格审核的办法,有效提高学生在毕业论文(设计)中的时间和精力投入。(3)要求每一学生必须提交毕业设计论文开题报告、中期自检报告,定期汇报阶段性工作。在递交毕业论文(设计)前,签署毕业论文诚信承诺书和原创性声明,以保证学生所呈交的毕业论文(设计)是在导师的指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的成果,除文中已经注明引用的内容外,论文中不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。(4)学校在每届的毕业论文(设计)工作全部结束后,组织教研组开展总结分析,形成书面总结报告。总结经验与教训,查找问题与不足,研究纠正措施和预防措施,以指导下一届毕业设计工作,达到良性循环的目的。(5)教务处对于通过各种渠道反馈的教学管理环节存在的问题通过组织研讨,提出改进措施,及时修订补充毕业设计管理文件和质量标准。通过开展优秀教学管理奖、优秀指导教师奖、优秀学位论文奖等评选表彰工作,激励广大指导教师、学生及管理人员的积极性。
综上所述,PDCA循环管理的四个阶段符合“实践—认识—再实践—再认识”的规律,是一种科学的管理手段[6]。在本科毕业论文(设计)工作中运用PDCA循环管理方法,有利于增强毕业论文管理的科学性和具体工作的活力。并在强化毕业论文工作管理的基础上,充分总结各阶段性工作的经验教训,使毕业论文(设计)工作中的各项活动得以不断改进和提高,进而从根本上保证毕业论文工作的管理效能7]。PDCA循环管理模式环环相扣,不断循环,学生综合分析和解决问题能力、独立思考能力、动手能力、实践能力、创新能力在这个过程中将不断得到锻炼和提升,与此同时,我们的毕业论文教学组织和管理过程质量也就得到了很好的循序提升和改进。
参考文献:
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篇10
关键词:本科;毕业论文(设计);团队
中图分类号:G642 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1674-9324(2014)32-0202-03
一、指导教师存在的问题
1.精力投入不足。近年来,随着高校本科招生规模的扩大,师资力量明显不足,一般教师指导的毕业生数量均在6~10个左右。由于目前教师既要从事繁重的教学工作又要紧跟科研领域的迅猛进展,因此,在学生对毕业设计重视度严重缺乏的现状下,教师也很难以积极的态度完成对本科生的完善指导。
2.时间安排集中。各高校对本科毕业设计的时间安排一般均设定在本科第8学期,即学生真正参与毕业设计的时间都是在每年的3月至5月底,要求学生在两个月内完成对四年专业学习的总结并应用于实践,且在对科技论文的写作基本一无所知的情况下完成该类型论文的撰写及答辩,无论对教师或学生确实存在较高的难度。另外,对于省属地方高校的一般本科生,其着手工作的应聘或实习均安排在每年年初,即在完成本科毕业设计的同时还要解决就业问题。因此,即便教师能够集中精力筹备指导学生的毕业设计,但学生根据个人的实际情况,也很难在有限的时间内以充沛的精力完成教师的合理安排。
3.科研方向有限。根据教师科研方向的不同,可以将教师分为理论研究型和生产实际型。从事理论研究的老师多以青年、拥有博士学位的教师为主,这部分教师绝大部分从高校毕业后直接走上工作岗位,缺乏生产实践的工程工作和指导学生的经验,难以短期内成熟有效地完成本科毕业设计的指导;而从事生产实际型的教师,尽管具备一定的工程实践背景,但是正规系统地指导学生将毕业设计内容以科技论文形式完成也是一大难题。
4.指导模式单一。目前,各高校指导本科毕业设计的模式实行的是每个学生的毕业题目各异,因此在学生完成毕业设计的过程中,获得引导的途径只能来源于教师,而与其他同学咨询、合作的条件有限,无法获得更多关于设计的启发和思维的碰撞。另外,一个教师指导多名学生,也令教师没有足够的精力为多人设计适合其的更系统、更条理的指导规划。
二、团队指导模式的探索
1.科研团队指导模式的设计。培养学生的科研创新能力是美国研究型大学本科教育的一个重要方面,国内外许多院校纷纷开展结合科研项目提高本科生科研创新能力的研究与实践。结合地方院校的实际情况,以我校工科专业的班级为例,每班大约有50~60个学生,考虑目前就业形势的严峻,其中有大概过半的学生选择考研。为了提高成功考研的可能性,这些学生更愿意选择理论研究型老师作为本科毕业设计导师。同样,本科生科研作为一种新型的培养方式,对本科教育的发展产生了积极的影响。针对此类学生的需求以及指导教师存在的上述问题,以教师科研团队的形式指导学生完成研究型论文的模式势在必行。那么,科研团队的指导模式初步分为两大类:第一类指导模式称其为“大课题”模式(见图1)。所谓的“大课题”模式,即以纵向课题(比如国家自然科学基金、省自然科学基金等)为牵引,将该课题分为若干小课题。此科研团队既包括教师也包括学生。教师团队应由课题主持人统领,成员应为课题的参与者,这些参与成员可指导的学生在1~3名为宜。该指导模式最明显的优势在于本科学生可以参与到完整的课题或基金的完成,对于培养其独立、创新的科研能力有着积极的作用。第二类指导模式称其为“似课题”模式(见图2),即以某一个研究理论(一个研究方向)为牵引,将此理论的不同知识点作为若干小课题。此科研团队应保证指导教师均从事同一科研方向的研究,而每位老师指导的学生建议为1~2名。该指导模式最明显的优势在于能够拓展本科生理论知识的广度和深度。
不论以上哪一类的科研团队的指导模式,其最大的优点是便于学生的互动交流,而这类模式的具体实现均可分为三步骤完成,以“似课题”模式为例,具体的指导过程如下:第一步,科研团队由研究方向一致或近似的教师构成,建议由一位教师组织该团队内所有教师指导下的全部学生统一进行前期基础培养,包括介绍学校和学院对本科毕业设计的要求、毕业设计的流程和思路、相关注意事项以及有关研究方向的基础知识的讲解(也可借助研究生课程的旁听),进而为学生迅速进入课题赢得宝贵时间,且能够避免教师为重复工作浪费更多的精力。第二步,在学生掌握了个人研究方向的基础理论后,由其本人的指导教师开始有针对性地引导学生开展具体的课题研究。以我校信息类专业从事盲信号理论和应用研究的教师为例,首先由一位教师(此教师可以是研究生“盲信号处理”课程的授课教师,或者是授课压力较小、对该研究方向基础较为熟悉的教师,或者团队内的教师轮流担任此部分工作)引导学生明确关于毕业设计的多方面要求,而后即可讲解盲信号处理理论的基础知识:包括盲信号处理的定义、研究该理论所需的数学基本知识等,这个阶段教师的讲解估计最低使用6个学时左右,而学生完成此阶段相关内容的学约需要两周的时间;然后由学生各自的指导教师一对一介绍学生本人的课题的具体内容,此阶段教师的一对一讲解大概每个学生仅需要2~4个学时,而学生完成此阶段相关内容的学习需要四周左右的时间,此后学生可在两周的时间内完成论文的写作和修改。
另外,以科研团队形式指导的学生毕业设计的答辩,也可首先在教师团队内进行。这样不但便于学生之间的交流,而且从事同一研究方向的导师更能准确判定学生毕业设计的质量高低,进而给予学生更为合理的毕业答辩成绩。
2.应用团队指导模式的设计。应用团队指导模式的设计构想源于要达到一个合格电子信息类工程师所具备的能力,仅依靠在高等院校的常规学习是不可能的,只有学生在企业或基本满足生产需求的电子信息类实习实训基地经过有在企业实际工程项目设计与管理经验的工程师的指导下方可实现。因此,对于该指导模式提出以下两个建设思路:第一类指导模式称其为“学研”模式,团队由教师和学生构成,即以横向课题为牵引,课题主持人(或参与人)作为指导教师,而课题的参与者和完成者以学生为主,这些学生建议以参加过学科竞赛或以前就跟随该教师从事过相关工作的人优先。该指导模式最明显的优势在于毕业设计与横向科研项目结合是解决目前学校经费不足、仪器设备紧张、提高学生工程实践能力的有效途径。第二类指导模式称其为“产学”模式,团队由企业的工程师和学生构成,即以校企合作为平台,将学生的毕业设计和实习相结合。该指导模式最明显的优势在于与企业零距离对接,不但遵循了学生学以致用的工科教学理念,而且为方便学生就业提供了便利条件。
三、结论
21世纪的高等教育是以培养学生的创新能力和实践能力为主导的教育,考虑目前学生考研和就业的不同需求,文中提出了关于本科生毕业设计的科研团队指导模式以及应用团队指导模式。这些模式的采用,定会给学生带来巨大的好奇心和挑战的勇气,激发学生去关注和研究科研与开发上的困难,使学生所学的知识融会贯通,更好地锻炼学生的独立进行科研或实践的能力。
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